Hello Everybody,
I have a last request from you, guys, I would much appreciate if you could post the "analysis part" of your final assignments to our blogger. Please, post all the examples you've analized so that eveybody could see what you've done. Share your work, beware the proper citation.
Thank you for your cooperation,
and very good luck in your future careers.
Tuncer Can
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147 comments:
hocam aşşağıdaki e mailinizi kullanıyo musnuz kullanıyosanız bu akşam kontrol edebilir misiniz kullanmıyosanız bi başka e mailinz varmı bi maruzatım vardıda.
tcan@istanbul.edu.tr
Feriştah is making a phone call
Feriştah: O kadar sıkıntılıyım o kadar sıkıntılıyım ki, o kadar sıkıntıdan nasıl komik bir hava yaratacağım bilemiyorum.
( here we see en example of “maxim of manner” she directly says she is bored. On the other hand she is violating maxim of quantity by using extra information, she is exaggerating the situation, this can also be considered as violating the manner because of the unnecessary information. )
Kehribar: Ne oldu ki?
( She asks as clear as possible “maxim of quantity, relevance, manner )
Feriştah: Daha ne olsun ki ! benim gibi gevrekliğinden sual olmaz bir kadının kocası meşe ağacından yapılmış ve ben onu yakmak istiyorum.
( Actually she is trying to mention about her husband’s lack of success while having sex but she just means it “violence of manner” here there are also unnecessary information, she is mentioning about herself when the case is about her husband “violence of quantity”
Kehribar: Aaa neden?
( there is no violence of maxims )
Feriştah: E odun bu Kehribar. Geceleri randıman alamıyorum bari gündüz sobanın içinde faydasını görelim değil mi?
( she talks about the truth “maxim of quality” )
Hem Numan’a da bir fırsat vermeliyim diye düşünüyorum. Hem inanıyorum ki Numan odun olarak çok başarılı olacak.
Kehribar: ( no response )
Feriştah: Şey Kehribar senin tanıdığın bir kiralık katil var mı? Satılık da olabilir. Önce Numan’ı halledecek eğer memnun kalırsam babasının ihalesini de ona vereceğim.
( her contribution is not informative enough in the beginning, she is violating the maxim of quantity. By saying “babasının ihalesini de ona vereceğim” she causes obscurity “ violence of maxim of manner”
Kehribar: ( no response )
Feriştah : Yok mu! İyi o zaman hoşçalıkla kal Kehribar
( even if she knows that Kehribar has no suggestion to give her, she asks again “yok mu?” “violence of quality maxim” . Also when she can’t any suggestion she ends up the call by an endup phrase “maxim of manner”
Numan comes to scene
Feriştah: Ne oluyor, ne yapıyor baban balkonda?
( she directly asks without any ambiguity “maxim of manner” )
Numan: Yoo bişey olmuyor, hava almaya çıkmış balkona
( He acts as if he hasn’t understood what she means “violence of maxim of relevance”
Feriştah: Baban havayı alıp ne yapacakmış. Onda hat safhada nefes darlığı var.
( although she knows the reason for why his father is in the balcoon, she acts as if she doesn’t know and goes on asking “hava alıp ne yapacakmış” “ violence of maxim of quality”
Yinee….
( here she doesn’t directly say what she thinks “violence o maxim of manner”
Numan: Yok yok canım o bir kere oldu kazara balkona şey yaptı. Hem o ne yaptığını bilmiyor Feriştahım.
Feriştah: Sen onu külahıma anlat. Domuz gibi biliyor. Işemek için yağmurlu havayı denk getirmesi tesadüf mü?
( she knows the answer to her own question but keeps on asking, she violates the maxim of quality.
Numan: Merak etme Feriştahım doktoruyla konuştum yaza doğru köye dönebilir dedi.
Feriştah: Yaza doğru mu!
Numan: Hehh
Feriştah: Numan sana birşey soracağım. Hani senin bir arkadaşın vardı. Parayla adam vuruyordu.
( here Feriştah suddenly changes the topic by asking an irrelevant question “violence of maxim of relevance” Also she mentions about a man, in fact she wants to learn more about him “ violence of manner”
………………..
( the video is available at the following link )
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUgkfjZ2VZU&mode=related&search
ERDEM INCIGUZ
3231030005
1)
Marilyn: This you gotta hear! I was caming home wednessday on the bus from Philadelphia--- (here she wants to be sure for whether everybody listen her or not. Then she starts to tell her story.)
Jack: Nobady said a word to me about Philadelphia.(There is no quantity in this sentence.Firstly he interrupts Marilyn, provides her telling her story. Maybe his sentence relevant with marilyns)
Helen: Marilyn, you want me to check the chickens for you? (relevance with the subject is 0. Helen asks a question like she never hears Marilyn and she lives in another world.)
Marilyn: Leave it mama.(She tries to close this new unrelevant subject that her mother started. This sentence relevant with only her mother sentence.)
Helen: The old lady’s trying to give a hand. (She continues on her own dialogue. There is no relevance, quantity and order.)
Marilyn: I’m like you; if somebady starts to help ı forget ahat ı’m doing. Sit down, you’ll love this: ı was caming home from Philadelphia-- (She insists on telling her story to her mother and father.)
Jack: (to Helen) Did you know she was out of town? (He does not let mariyln to tell her story, he always asks unrelevant questions.)
Mairyln: Two days.(She still tries totell her story by answering briefly to these questions. Everybody tell and ask their own thuoughts and questions. Nobody listen the others)
Jack: Who took care of my grandchildren? (he asks question that are on his mind. He looks like try to imply Marilyn that the story is not important, there are more imspartant things for his.)
Marilyn: How should ı know? Out of sight, out of mind. No, Rudy was there.He got them out of bed and back in bed at night. In between ı don’t even want to know what happened. Am ı ever going to be able to tell you this or not? (She gets anry and answers rudely. She turns her story and avoides the obscurity and abmiguity.)
Helen: (returning to the table) You are going out of town, Marilyn? (She stil ask question implying that her story is not interest her, there are more impartant thangs than her story.)
Helen (again) : Where is Jake? ( There is no relevance.)
Marilyn: On the way. So ı cought the last bus back to the city— (She does not submit and goes on telling.)
Jack: I don’t like you taking last bus, it’s dangerous. (Topic is changed again unrelevantly to the general subject. But it is relevant with the last sentence of Marilyn)
Marilyn: It is not nearly as dangerous as trying to tell a story around here. (Eventually she gets bored and submits. Couse everybady look like prevent her. They seem as what happened is not impartanti tehre ara previously question that must be asked by them and answered by Marilyn.)
ÖDEVİN TESLİMİNE SAATLER KALA BİTİRMİŞ OLDUĞUM Bİ ÖDEVDİR. EKSİKLİKLER VEYA YANLIŞLIKLAR İÇİN ÖZÜR DİLERİM.
E.AKYILDIZ
3231040065
Seçil Çıtlak's Pragmatics Analysis
CONVERSATION:1
MELTEM:Al iç şu çayı üzme kendini artık.
GÖNÜL:Napcaz Meltem?
MELTEM:Bilmiyorum ama elbet bir çözüm buluruz
GÖNÜL:Selami duysa hemen düşer bayılır,biliyosun.
MELTEM:Canım,dünyanın sonu değil ya;daha sonra olur.
GÖNÜL:Ay şaka gibi ya doktor dedi ki 29 ile 4 ü arası çocuğunuz olabilir.Aynı tarihlerde Selçuk Bey seminer var diyor.
MELTEM:Tesadüf işte
GÖNÜL:Yok canım;bu işler için biraz şans olacak insanda.Bahtsız benim kocam bahtsız.Yazık..
MELTEM:Aman Gönül sen de saçmalıyosun.Utanmasan arabesk şarkı söyleyeceksin.
GÖNÜL:Bilemiyorum yani..
(HALUK AND SELAMİ ENTER)
HALUK:Merhaba
GÖNÜL AND MELTEM:Hoşgeldiniz
SELAMİ:Merhaba Meltem
GÖNÜL:Hoş geldin canım.
SELAMİ:Merhaba hayatım nasılsın?
GÖNÜL:İyiyim Selamicimama sana kötü bir haberim var.
SELAMİ:Nasıl yani?
GÖNÜL:Ya kötü de aslında o kadar da kötü değil.
SELAMİ:Aman hayatımayın 4 üne kadar kötü haber verme de ondan sonra verirsin.
GÖNÜL:Ayın 29 u ile 4 ü arası Antalyada seminerde olacağım Selami.
SELAMİ:Olur,hayatım bunun neresi kötü ki?
GÖNÜL:29 ile 4 ü diyorum Selami!
SELAMİ:Eee??
GÖNÜL:29-4,29-4...
SELAMİ:29-4 MÜÜÜÜÜ!!!!!
ANALYSIS OF FIRST CONVERSATION
There is a soft entrance by MELTEM indicating that thare is a problem by saying ''al iç şu çayı,üzme kenini artık''.But this soft move is replayed with a worried question''napcaz MELTEM?''.Meltem act has a balanca between being unable to find a means with ''bilmiyorum'' and desire for helping ''ama bi çaresini buluruz'' to make Gönül neither be dissapointed nor fill with hope.The following two turns of Gönül is the opmost of her displeasureness about the situation with almost crying eyes.But the first point of view of this pleasureness is because of SELAMİ;then her own reasons come on behalf of herself.Therfore ;this imdicates that this undesirable outcome is a bit more effect on SELAMİ,Gönül's husband when we look at the Gönül's first exclamation.On the other hand;Meltem's optimistic attitude still there by '' tesadüf işte''comes to make Gönül feel relaxed.But this attempt is in fail when we see Gönül' utterances such as ''yok canım bu işler için biraz şans lazım.Bahtsız benim kocam bahtsız..''.Actually;there are also other meanings in this sentence.At those times;Selami is risky to be fired and they have some financial problems.Gönül also mean these and sighs deeply to refer them as well.But there is more related problem to the context-obstacles for having baby-.From now on;Meltem realizes the situation is getting more serious and tragisc,she strengthen her attitude to be superior and reply as ''amaan önül sen de saçmalıyosun....'' to show how much Gönül exxagerate the situation with an hintfull glance-a non_verbal feature and this is successull on Gönül's sudden sortie,furthermore it is so effective that Gönül says an utterance just for the sake of saying it ''bilemiyorum yani..''.
JUST THEN HALUK AND SELAMİ COMES
From now on;language is used for greeting which is started by Haluk with ''merhaba''.This verbal action is accompanied by body language between Gönül and Selami as kissing.But this lovely action does not go on as lovely as it begins.After Gönül's answer to Selami's question ''nasılsın hayatım''.Selami is getting panic since he is sensitive any problem (even minor)especially these days for the possibility to have baby.Then he asks ''nasıl yani''.This question reveals with an pessimistic and anxious tone.Gönül notices it and says it is not so important actually to keep him calm.So Selami's anxiety decreases as much as Gönül' s semi-fresh sentences and has an utterance to imply that we may have problem but it shouldn't effect our baby plans.Then Gönül starts to explain the affair with her uneasy mimics and say ''ayın 29 ile 4 ü arası antalyada seminerde olacağım Selami.''.Selami firstly does not understand what this sentence means for both and reply''olsun hayatım bunun neresi kötü ki'' with a questioning manner,also.Gönül,then,select the most important and effective part of the sentences and again reply ''29 ile 4 ü diyorum Selami''.But Selami still unaware of of the metamessage which Gönül tries to give.Finally;Gönül only says ''29-4,29-4''again and again with a stressed voice to be successful in meaning.Afterwards;Selami comprehend the consequences of these date and show his reaction without waiting both verbally-NEE- and non-verbally;he faints.This is an action in which hearer infers the speaker's intended meaning from evidences(stressed voice and date)which is the main feature of pragmatics.
CONVERSATION 2
YASEMİN:Eveet,Mary hanım ın isteği üzerine şirkette çalışan herkes,şirketin ingilizce kursuna katılacak.
HALUK:Ne
SELAMİ:Süper
HALUK:Benim kafam bu yaştan sonra almaz hiçbir şey..
İSMAİL:Ya,yapmayın uşaklar her akşam fıstık gibi bir hatundan ingilizce dersi alacaz,fena mı?
HÜSEYİN:Çaylaaarrr
YASEMİN:Hah,Ders başlıyor Hüseyin abi
HÜSEYİN:Ne dersi?
YASEMİN:İngilizce dersi
HÜSEYİN:Banane
YASEMİN:Mary hanım senin de öğrenmeni istedi,
HÜSEYİN:Ben çaycı adamım ya,ne işim var İngilizceyle,racona ters böyle şeyler
HALUK:Hüseyin doğru söylüyor racona ters Mary hanıma öyle söyle.
YASEMİN:Kusura bakmayın Haluk bey racona ters lafını ingilizceye çeviremiyorum.İngilizce de öyle bir kelime yok.
HALUK:Şart mı kardeşim.Bak başbakan ERDOĞAN da bilmiyor.
HÜSEYİN:Ben buranın çaycısıyım,ben neden öğreneyim ki..
YASEMİN:Fena mı olur biraz ingilizce bilsen Hüseyin abi,sen yapıyorsun çay servisini.
HÜSEYİN:Banane sen tercüme et.
YASEMİN:İyi ama ingilizce bilenlere Mary hanım prim verecek,extra para verecek yani.
HALUK:Hıh..
HÜSEYİN:Öyle mi..
SELAMİ:Ben kesin alırım primi,benim tense ler süper süper..
İSMAİL:Hoca güzel olsunda pirim-mirim istemem da..
ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATION 2
Yasemin has an informative explanation at the beginning of conversation by saying ''eveet,Mary hanımın isteği üzerine herkes şirketin ingilizce kursuna katılacak''.But this sentence is not as simple as it seems when we read the reactions both of HALUK and SELAMİ.While Selami is satisfied with this decision,''süper'';it is not valid for Haluk with ''nee'',is an opposite attitude to what Yasemin has said.Moreover;he supports his exclamation by giving a logic reason in his opinion''benim bu yaştan sonra kafam hiçbi şey almaz''.Addition to Selami;İsmail is also content with the decision but he looks at the situation from another perspective;so he has different reasons for it such as having a beautiful teacher like an angel.Afterwards;Hüseyin comes and enters the scene with''Çaylar''.Even if we don't see Hüseyin until that time we can deduce that he is the tea keeper of this company from this utterance.Moreover;this utterance has also greeting manner for us as well as informing.Because it is Hüseyin's first word and expresses that ''hİ I came and I AM ALSO HERE.''So this is compatible with one of the purposes of pragmatics;language can be used for different purposes in terms of pragmatics.Yet;Yasemin reply Hüseyin with his greeting manner;therefore she repeats her information for Hüseyin in a few sentences.But this is not effective on Hüseyin because of his role in life.We can infer this result when we look at the statement of Hüseyin ''ne dersi'',''banane'',''ben çaycı adamım ne isim var ingilizceyle''.So;Yasemin is not succed in conveying the intended meaning on Hüseyin.This is the same for Haluk in the following lines.He says ''Hüseyin dopru söylüyor,racona ters böyle şeyler,git Mary hanıma söyle''.At this point;we can say that language-power relationship is inferior to language-character relationship.Since;inspite of the fact that this course is organized by the owner of the company and she wants her workers to attend and aquire language,anyone does not want.But;even if she is the uppermost position in company,this does not make any change in workers'(Hüsayin and Haluk)choices.To these oppositions and Haluk's last sentence,Yasemin has also an allusive reply as''kusura bakmayın haluk bay racona ters lafını ing e çaviremiyorum''.This also implies that how slang and wrong language is used by Haluk.Because everybody knows that there are universal words which can be translated from one language to another.Therefore;this utterance is also reflection of YASEMİN'S anger.This act make Haluk take the topicfrom specific situation to generic one as mentioning about lack of president 's english.Therefore he means that the president who meet lots of people from different countries on international platform does not know although he needs,why I must learn it.So;this sentence is an underlying interrogative utterance.Then Hüseyin approves Haluk by saying ''ben buranın çaycısıyım ben niye öğreniyorum ki??''He compares himself with HALUK whereas Haluk compares himself with the president.Therefore;it is the success of language-power relationship which has failed before.Yasemin takes a much stronger step by saying''mary hanım ing öğrenenlere prim verecek''.This is the climax of conversations for participants because each character shows both verbal and non-verbal reactions;''hıı''with larger eyes by Haluk,''öyle mi''by HÜSEYİN and a more prominant reaction which implies how pleasure he is with''ben kesin alırım abicim,benim tense ler süper''by Selami.The only person not to be affected by this news is İsmail.He says '2hoca güzel olsunda prim mirim istemem uşaklar''.So;the intended effect is defective for İsmail and Yasemin seems to reach her goal except for İsmail.
CONVERSATION 3
MELTEM:Haluk
HALUK:Ha
MELTEM:Sinirin geçti mi?
HALUK:Geçti,geçti
MELTEM:İyi güzel
HALUK:Çocuklar nerde kaldı yaa..
MELTEM:Bugün geç geliyorlar ya hayatım..
HALUK:Tövbe yarabbi yaa.Gece yarısına kadar okul mu olur.Ne olacak bu çocuklar bozacı mı?
MELTEM:Haluk benim hani eski bir arkadaşım vardı,okul arkadaşım.
HALUK:Kim?
MELTEM:Serap.
HALUK:Eee..
MELTEM:Benden borç istedi.
HALUK:Borç mu istedi!!
MELTEM:Hı hı..
HALUK:İstemişse istemiştir nolcak..
MELTEM:Yok yani bilmiyorum,çok yakın arkadaşım da..
HALUK:Ya..Ya..Sen var ya yaa..
MELTEM:Ya anlıyorum bu devirde kimseye para verilmez ama Serap istemişse gerçekten ihtiyacı olduğu için istemiştir.
HALUK:Nasıl geri ödeyecek Meltem?
MELTEM:Bir ay içinde öderim diyor.
HALUK:Nasıl ödeyecek çok merak ediyorum.Mısırdaki dedesi mi ölecek.
MELTEM:Ama çok yakın arkadaşım
HALUK:Saçmalama MELTEM bu devirde para veren kaybeder.
ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATION 3
Meltem has an utterance as ''haluk'' and Haluk replies her with ''ha'' in a rude but silent way.So;this rudeness is not the sign of furious for it is silent,we can say.This is Haluk's ordinary mood.Furthermore;Meltem continue by asking ''sinirin geçti mi''.Therefore;we understamd that ''haluk''in the firs line controls whether Haluk is still angry or not at this sentence of the conversation.Haluk answers with the same silence and say''geçti geçti''.Then there comes a pause.Haluk breaks this peace by''çocuklar nerde kaldı yaa''with a bit angry voice.So Meltem answers him ''bugün geç geliyorlar ya hayatım''to keep him calm and especially use ''hayatım'',is a lovely word,to strengthen this calmness.But;this does not brings about any changes in Haluk's attitude and goes on''tövbe tövbe gece yarısına kadar okul mu olur...''After that;Meltem gives time to Haluk and overcome his anger to start a new topic,then there comes a topic shift with''Haluk,hani benim eski bir okul arkadaşım vardı''.It is not a totally well-defined sentence for Haluk.So;he asks''kim?'' and Meltem replies ''serap'',But Haluk still does not understand what the topic is about Serap,and says ''eee?''which is not a question but an utterance like a question to stimulate Meltem to explain what's up.And Meltem says''benden borç para istedi''with eyes looking everywhere but for Haluk while Haluk gazes at Meltem.During this time of conversation;it is up to Haluk to interpret what is ''physically''said in front of himas a linguistic event of a superior order in terms of conversation.Therfore;fo this to happen,it is neccessary to link a set of intentions on the part of Meltem and a semiotic competence(which quarentees comprehension)om the part of Haluk.Although Haluk guess about intended meaning,he pretends not to understand and says ''istemişse istemiştir nolcak''which makes Meltem to mention about the topic more.But Meltem still hesitate to explain in a direct manner and chooses to go om indirectly such as ''yok yani bilmiyorum çok yakın arkadaşım da ''which indicates that she is in favour of lending money.Haluk tries to say with !!ya ya sen var ya ya..''in an angry voice indicating that Meltem is wrong.Then;Meltem says what Haluk tries to say with ''ya..ya..''in a whole sentence as'biliyorum bu devirde kimseye para verilmez ama Serap istediyse gerçekten ihtiyacı olduğu için istemiştir''Until here;dialogues are not clearly subdivided;the sentences are formed in an imcoplete and slightly disjoined way withfalse starts,repetitions such as ''eee'',''hıhı'' and''ya,ya.. sen var ya yaa..''.But these make conversations go on.So;conversation isn't illocutively pure.Contrary to this;illocutive progress of speech helps for the development of the action such as Meltem's explanations in her turns.Afterwards;Haluk asks ''peki nasıl geri ödeyecek''.Haluk ,here,implies that Serap can not pay the money back on time.But MELTEM insists on having money on time by saying ''1 AY İÇİNDE ÖDERİM DEDİ''.Haluk goes on his negativa attitude towards the situation and says''nasıl ödeyecek merak ediyoru,Mısırdaki dedesi mi ölecek?''.The grandfather in EAGYPT is used as symbol to make it clear that it is an impossible utopian thing to get the money back.But this does not have any meaning for MELTEM and she is insested in lending money by saying''ama çok yakın arkadaşım''.However;Haluk close the conversation by''saçmalama MELTEM,bu devirde kimseye borç para verilmez''on the point of not opening again.
Ex 1:
LATİF:Hayrola Reis Bey nereye böyle ?(the speaker starts the communication and he directly asks a question)
REİS BEY:Güner Beyle beraber yeni bir kütüphane yapacağız.Belediyemizin bir hizmeti daha.(the hearer understands that the speaker refers to him. He undrestands that the speaker speaks directly and literaly and as he recognizes speaker's intention he also answers directly and literaly)
LATİF:Bir hizmet daha diğerlerinden niye hiç haberimiz olmadı. Fuzuli şeyler bunlar Reis Bey.Baksana Reis Bey millet aç aç aç(the speaker continues communication directly and literaly. He says what he wants to expresses).
Reis Bey:merak etme biliyorum ama hiç kimse senin kadar aç değil.(the hearer recognizes that the speaker directly and literaly criticizes him. He understands speaker's intention. As he understands this he also criticizes the speaker directly and literaly)
LATİF:O makamda günlerin sayılı Reis Bey.(Latif recognizes that Reis Bey understnds his intention and he again goes communication and directly threatens Reis Bey)
Ex 2:
SERVET:Bu yazıyı sen yazmalısın.Bu senin hakkın.Hem sen yakalansanda birşey olmaz.Çünkü sen delisin.(Servet directly and literaly insults the hearer)
EMİN:Allah Allah ona bakarsan sende hıyarsın(Emin recognizes speaker's intention. He understands that Servet insults him and he replies him by insulting him. Both of the speakers recognizes each other’s intention because what they say is compatible with what they want to mean)
Ex 3:
Öğrenci:Keşke yüzme bilseydim. Çorbanın içine balıklama atlar yüzerdim.(the student speaks nonliteraly. He expresses what he wants to mean in a different way. He nonliteraly wants to convey that the soup is too watery)
Yurt aşçısı:Ne yapalım? Bize bu malzeme veriliyor ,biz de bunu yapıyoruz(the hearer recognizes the speaker's intention. This shows that hearer is successful in nonliteral communication)
Ex 4:
GÜNER BEY:Evet çok güzel çayında en iyisini getirmişsiniz,kendiniz içiyorsunuz.(the speaker tries to criticizes the hearer nonliteraly. He knows that it is inappropriate to express what he wants to say so instead of literal communication he use nonliteral communication)
KUMANDAN:Demek kütüphane müdürüsünüz ?
GÜNER BEY:Evet
KUMANDAN:Ne tür kitaplar okutuyorsunuz millete ?
GÜNER BEY:Henüz hiç kitabımız yok.
KUMANDAN:Güzel.O zaman endişelenmeye gerek yok.Orayı siz bile idare edebilirsiniz(komandan recognizes the speaker's intention and so he also ironicaly insults
the speaker, as you can see he does not diterctly does this .He uses irony strategy to express his intention . 'orayı siz bile idare edebilirsiniz' means that you are talentless ,not capable of doing any thing.)
Ex 5:
Oniki dev adam (national basketball team is meant here)
Ankara Kıbrıs konusundaki gelişmeleri dikkatle izliyor( what is meant by Ankara is the goverment
Ex 6:
Teacher: Çay mı istersin kahve mi?(l took this example from one of our lessons . One of my frinds was sitting in an inappropriate situation in the classroom. And the teacher used the above sentence ,refering to my friend. By using this sentence, the teacher wanted to express that the student was not in an appropriate position instead of directly said this literaly the teacher used nonliteral communication.)
Student:Özür dilerim hocam kusura bakmayın. Bir an için dalmıştım da. (the hearer-student-corrected his position as soon as he heard teachre’s sentence .This means that the hearer recognized the speaker’s intention .The student got that the teacher spoke nonliteraly)
Ex 7:
The man:Kosovalı, Terzi abimizin selamı var.
Kosovalı:Başım üstüne, hayırdır?
The man:Terzi abi senin ihaleye girmeni istemiyor
Kosovalı:Beyefendi bunun için buraya gelmişsen buyur kapı açık(by saying this sentence, Kosovalı wants the man to leave his office. He expresses his intention indirectly)
The man: Bizden söylemesi-leaving the office (the man recognized the speaker's intention. He understood that 'kapı açık' is meant that he was not wanted there anymore so he left the office)
3231040044
direct&literal and indirect& nonliteral communication
SpongeBob SquarePants
‘Opposite Day’
Episode
Neighbors’ birthday celebration from Squidward has bothered him and decided to sell his house and move from his neighborhood soon to a place where he will be far from his current neighbors. But, realtor agency has put special emphasis on neighborhood and neighbors’ quality for a good sale. And they booked a date for a sight of the house. Squidward has doubts about his neighbors and thinks how nice it would be if his neighbor Spongebob were the opposite only for a short time when the realtor lady is around to see the home for the sale.Thus decides to convince him that the day is ‘Opposite Day’ when we do the opposite;
Squidward: the character who wants to sell his house soon,
Spongebob: Squidward’s neighbor whom he is not perfect with,
Patrick: friend of Spongebob and Squidward,
Gary: Spongebob’s animal
(Characters’s spontaneous acts are in paranthesises)
Squidward convinced Spongebob that the day is a special day and called ‘Opposite Day’ that we celebrate once a year;
Spongebob: (running to Gary) Gary! It’s Opposite Day and I… (stops running) …walk, don’t run. And I’m gonna…opposite…opposite…I’m just going to crawl into bed and do nothing all day. (crawls into bed) Too bad it only comes once a year, huh Gary?
Locution: Gary! It’s Opposite Day and I…walk don’t run. And I’m gonna…opposite…opposite…I’m just going to crawl into bed and do nothing all day. Too bad it only comes once a year, huh Gary?
Illocution: Educating himself about ‘Opposite Day’ – constative & then expressive
Perlocution: Gary accepts what he say in silence
Gary : Meow
Locution: Meow
Illocution: He accepts what he says - commisssive
Perlocution: Spongebob sees he is not oppos,te on the Opposite Day and going to warn
Spongebob: Gary, where is your holiday spirit?!
Locution: Gary, where is your holiday spirit?!
Illocution: Why do you still use Meow? It is opposite day – constative
Pelocution: Gary takes complain in to consideration
Gary: Bark
Locution: Bark
Illocution: He joins him - acknowledgment
Perlocution: Spongebob accepst his joint
Spongebob: (doorbel rings) Company! I hate company. Who’s there?
Locution: Company! I hate company. Who’s there?
Illocution: He like company and asks who’s there at the door? - expressive
Perlocution: Patrick answers his question
Patrick: It’s Patrick!
Locution: It’s Patrick
Illocution: He says he is Patrick - constative
Perlocution. Spongebob sees he is Patrick
Spongebob: Patrick…go away! I never want to see you again! (giggles but Patrick cries)
Locution: Patrick…go away. I never want to see you again
Illocution: Spongebob says come on in – directive & expressive
Perlocution: Patrick thinks Spongebob does not want to see him and accept to home
Patrick: Spongebob doesn’t like me anymore!
Locution: Spongebob doesn’t like me anymore
Illocution: Patrick wants to affirm if it is true - constative
Perlocution: Spomgebob continues Opposite Day
Spongebob: (opens door) That’s right! You’re my worse enemy! (Patrick cries more) Patrick, you are not really not my friend. It is just Opposite Day!
Locution: That’s right. You’re my worse enemy Patrick, you are not really not my friend. It is just Opposite Day
Illocution: Sponge bob says the reason is Opposite Day - expressive
Perlocution: Patrick stops crying
Patrick: Opposite Day? Hey, I’ve heard of that!
Locution: Opposite Day? Hey, I’ve heard of that
Illocution: Patrick wants to show that he knows Opposite Day - constative
Perlocution: Spongebob wonders that he knows
Spongebob: You have?
Locution: You have?
Illocution: Spongebob wants to know if he knows – constative
Perlocution: Patrick says he does not know
Patrick: No, What is it?!
Locution: No, What is it?
Illocution. Patrick says does not know and asks what it is - constative
Perlocution: Spongebob starts to explain
Spongebob: Well, whatever you normally do, today you do the opposite.
Locution: Well, whatever you normally do, today you do the opposite.
Illocution: Spongebob explains what Opposite Day is - constative
Perlocution: Patrick wants to try
Patrick: Oh! Let me try! Let me try! ( Patrick holds his breath and turns purple)
Locution: Oh. Let me try. Let me try.
Illocution: Patrick wants to show that he understood – directive
Perlocution: Spongebob waits him to show
Spongebob: Patrick! Patrick, breathe! Not that opposite. Let me show you how to do it the wrong way! (Spongebob & Patrick dance across the screen as Spongebob is pink and Patrick is yellow. Gary eats properley from a table. Spongebob eats from Gary’s bowl) Meow.
Locution: Patrick. Patrick, breathe. Not that opposite. Let me show you how to do it the wrong way. Meow
Illocution: Spongebob wants to stop Patrick who doesn’t breath and wants to show how to do – directive, then constative, and then two constatives+
Perlocution: Patrick breathes and lets Spongebob teach him how to do
Patrick: Meow
Locution: Meow
Illocution: Patrick shows he understands - constative
Perlocution: Spongebob wants to go together in Opposite Day
Spongebob: Say, want to help me do some work around the house, worst enemy?
Locution: Say, want to help me do some work around the house, worst enemy?
Illocution: Spongebob decides to celebrate Opposite Day together by making some work around house - constative
Perlocution: Patrick joins
Patrick: Nope. (both laugh)
Locution: Nope
Illocution: Patrick accepts his offer - constative
Perlocution: They starts to do the work they have mentioned
My analysis has ended. Locution – Illocution – Perlocution helps the observer to find meanings beyond in this way. Pragmatics is not done here yet. It is a fairly new field of science. Below there are my references;
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
• http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/pragmatics.htm
• www.youtube.com
Caner HAZAR!
DIALOGUE 1 :
Goodcat: Adım Smith, şehir dışındanım.
Nick: Bakın Bay Smith…
Goodcat: ( interrupting) Sadece Smith. Şehirde olmamın sebebi, tabi merak ediyorsan, Kansas City aldatmacası. [ He does not give enough information that is required for clarifying why he introduces himself and what he wants Nick to do but he is informative in a way.(quantity, quality) Also, as soon as he says his name, he mentions about Kansas City Cheating which is not related to the dialogue at all.(relation)]
Nick: Kansas City aldatmacası ne?
Goodcat: Kansas City aldatmacası herkes sağa bakarken senin sola gitmendir. [Although he seems informative; he does not define what Kansas City Cheating means, he dos not give enough information.(quality,quantity) Moreover, he is not clear; we see obscurity in his answer.(manner)]
Nick: Hiç duymamıştım.
Goodcat: İnsanların sık duyduğu şeylerden değil. Bir kulaktan girip diğerinden çıkar. Ama bu tam yirmi yıldan beri gelişiyor.[Despite the insufficient answer he is still relevant (relation) and seems truthful but lack of enough evidence (quality); he does not have a clear style yet, the obscurity is going on(relation)]
Nick: Yirmi yıl ha?
DIALOGUE 2 :
Lindsey: Afedersin, bir kase şeker alabilir miyim? Kahveyi ocağa koyana kadar bir şey düşünmedim, dükkana girerken Nickin şekeri olduğu aklıma geldi. Bana hikayeni anlattın ve şeker almadan çıktım, geri döndüğümde penisini ortaya çıkarmıştın. Yine de kahve şimdiye kadar bozulmuştur ama bu işi bitireceğim. Tıpkı bir Norman Rockwell resmi gibi.[It is really difficult what she actually wants to tell. First of all, she explains that she comes to get some sugar which shows that she is informative (quantity).However, she looks truthful in the way she expresses herself (she can show the sugar)(quality) Her sentences are not related to each other; while she telling him about her coffee suddenly she skips to his penis. There are irrelevant parts.(relation) At the end of her speech, there is prolixity in her sentences and she is not clear or orderly.(manner)]
Slevin: (surprising) Ne penisim mi?
Lindsey: (laughing) Hayır, hayır şeker. Bir komşu diğerinden biraz şeker alır. Bu çok Andregortvari bir şey.[She is still unclear and there is ambiguity in her expression.(manner) Andregort is not relevant to what she tells indeed.(relation)]
Slevin: (agreeing) Evet.
Lindsey: Bu (showing sugar) Andregortvari bir şey, penisin değil. [She informs Slevin in an ironical way.(quantity)]
Slevin: Hayır.
Lindsey: Ha, şeker için teşekkürler, şeker, teşekkür ederim.
DIALOGUE 3 :
Boss: Üç günün var.[He is really informative by directly telling the situation.(quantity) Howeve, he does not support his expression with exact sentences, there is lack of support.(quality)]
Slevin: Bir haftamı alır diye düşünmüştüm.[He is informative again.(quantity)]
Boss: (laughing) Bunu düşünüyordun, öyle mi? Deneyimlerine dayanarak mı söylüyordun bunu? Bak ne diyeceğim, bu oyunu kazanırsan bir haftan olacak. (game is going on) Peki İdsaka karşı planın ne? [It is really amusing that Boss suddenly changes the topic, so it seems irrelevant.(relation) Although he asks Slevin’s plan towards Idsak, we do not understand what Boss wants him to do towards Idsak. Maybe they prepare a birthday party,it is not clear, we have an ambiguity.(manner) He is not informative at all.(quantity)]
Slevin: Duruma göre davranmak.[He clearly reflects his attitude, his answer is certainly informative.(quantity) He does not give enough support what he really feels.(quality) Also he does not briefly say what to do; he is not clear enough. (manner) But he is related to the subject.(relation)]
Boss: (laughing) Hep böyle olsaydı nota derdiniz, bu zor bir ayar, yeri gelmişken söyleyeyim, gölgeleri var.[The sentence is not related to the topic.(relation)]
Slevin: (surprized) Gölgeleri mi?
Boss: Gece gündüz beraber dolaşırlar, eski Mosad ajanlarından.[He is like a puzzle; he is not clear about what he intends to tell, there is an obscurity. (manner) In the previous sentence he emphasizes someone’s shadow; but now he mentions about a Mossad spy. It is irrelevant.(relation)]
DIALOGUE 4 :
Boss: Hangi sebepten getirildiğinizi biliyor musunuz?
Slevin: Birincisi şanssız biriyim…[There is no support for the utterance that claims that since he is unlucky he is over there. He does not give enough support what he believes.(quality) Also he is not clear enough, we do not know why he is unlucky, there is an obscurity.(manner)]
Haham: (laughing) Şanslı biri için şanssızlık, düşünce penceresinden daha fazlası değildir. Sız şanssızsınız, yani ben şanslı olabilirim, maalesef iş işten geçene kadar şanslı insan şanslı olduğunu görmüyor. Mesela kendinizi ele alın, dün bugünden daha iyiydiniz ama bunun farkına bugün vardınız, ama bugünü yaşıyoruz, her zaman başkalarının sahip olduklarını istiyorlar…[He tells something very irrelevant to the dialogue.We need to know the reason why Slevin is taken to Haham.(relation) However, that speech is really informative ,in spite of being irrelevant.(quantity) He illustrates what he believes, there is a great support for his feeling about unluckyness.(quality) He is also clear about expressing himself. (manner)]
Slevin: Bır hahamın gangster olmayı istemesi, bir gangsterin de haham olmayı istemesi gibi. Yani nedir bu? Bir çeşit çimenin çitin diğer yakasındakinden daha yeşil olması mı? Yani nasıl bir hahamı ve gangsteri haklı çıkarabiliyorsun?[He is truthful indeed, he does not include things that he does not believe in and tries to give enough evidence to support.(quality) Here the typical feature of American movies appear.while he responding to haham; he applies not related sentences. (relation) Also, it causes ambiguity, it is difficult to comprehend.(manner) Although he tries to be informative, he can not achieve it in that sentence. (quantity)]
Haham: Çıkarmıyorum, neyin olabileceğini, ne zaman neyi yapabileceğimi, neyi yapamayacağımı merak ederek zamanı harcayan kötü adamlardan değilim. [This time he is relevant to the process of the dialogue.(relation) Since he emphasizes that he is not a bad man, he is informative in a way.(quantity) He seems clear in general.(manner)]
BIROL NAMAL 3231030023
sinav kagidindaki hayata dair yorumlarimiz pesinde oldugumuz bilimsel cercevedeki ders idealine yoneliktir.. hocam anladiniz siz!!
BIROL
An angry customer
Customer: Umm… excuse me Miss !
Salesclerk: Hello. Good morning
Customer: I purposes for my husband and well I saw a rip. I want my money back.
Salesclerk: I would like to see this. Uh … I am sorry. I do not see a rip. (In terms of quality we know that speakers should be honest. The customer claims that there is a rip on the doll, but the salesclerk says that she does not see a rip. It is clear that one of them is lying. It is most probably the salesclerk who is lying. She denies it for not give the money back.)
Customer: I have a receipt right here and I want my money back and now please.
Salesclerk: Can you see the sign?
Customer: No I can’t see the sign.
Salesclerk: It will be no change to a holding merchandise a day after it has been sold to the customer. (In terms of manner speakers should talk clearly, explicitly, concisely. After the salesclerk says there will be no change a day after the sale she thinks that she is clear and she does not seek ways of aggreement.)
Customer: I paid ten dollars for it . I want my money back please. I have a receipt right here. Please !
A man enters
The man: What hell has been happening here ?
Customer: I want my money back because I have a receipt. There is a rip on this.
Salesclerk: No! Look at this sign.
The man: Sorry!
Customer: Oh! It was reserved and I now can’t treat how you don’t. I want my money back.
The man: Calm down !
Salesclerk: Let me do this. ( According to Gricean Maxims, the conservation should be relevant. At first, this dialogue is relevant. They are diccussing about returning the money back. Customer’s and salesclerk’s contributions to the conversation are related to the discourse topic. However, unexpected behaviours enter into the conversation. I think ripping the doll irrelevant and it must not be in such relationships.)
Customer: (yelling) He broke it ! He broke it ! He broke it !
The man: okey… Let’s come back. ( In terms of quantity speakers should make their contributions such as required. In this dialogue there is not enough information to provide mutual understanding. The customer can not learn satifying information from the salesclerk and the man. To enable a better communication they should be more informative. They may show the customer to some ways to solve this problem. As they do not do that a deterioration has occured between their and the customer’s communication.
Borat tries to buy a slave
The old woman: Go on in.
Borat: Hello. This is a very ancient kind of tool but it is a shame now to use this primitive tool. We now have a machine. It can chop wood with automan.
The triputer: Okey. You have to understand what were about here. This is the eighteenth century. Okey? I am a historican triputer.
Borat: You are a slave? ( There is no relevance here. The triputer is trying to tell Borat that he is a triputer and he reveals eigteenth century. However, Borat changes the topic and he says “you are a slave?” which has not relation to what the triputer says. Here Borat flunks the Relevance Maxim.)
The triputer: I am not. I am a historic in triputer. I am a museum educator.
Borat: Can I buy you? ( Again, there is a Relevance problem here.)
The triputer: No I am afraid you can’t.
Borat: In Kazakstan, we think USA very technology very good. Now I see is very primitive. ( the things that Borat says do not have truth value. He can not prove that they are primitive. This lessens the quality maxim.)
The triputer: This is two hundred years ago. We are not in the year two hundred and two here. This is the time machine back to the year seventeen fifty or seventeen sixty. ( He has evidences and reasons. It is clear that he is telling the truths so in terms of quality maxim, his contributions functions well.)
Borat: You make a time machine? ( Again, there is a Relevance problem here.)
The triputer: (getting annoyed) Can you please explain this?
The old woman: I can’t. I am trying hard because he keeps telling me about buying a slave. But, we don’t do this and hasn’t been done since 1865.
The triputer: Do you understand what a historic sight is. This is an outdoor museum.
Borat: I like you. Do you like me?
The triputer: I am not sure. ( Actually, there is not mutual agreement among them. I think here quantity maxim is flunked.
Anlat Savaş Abi’ne
Savaş Ay: Önümüz 10 Kasım. Ne yapacaksın?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: En sevdiğim insanın, annemin doğum günü.
!!!!!!!!!
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Ailece bir şeyler yaparız sanırım.
Savaş Ay: Atamızın da vefat yıl dönümü. Programın var mı?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Şu an bir şey yok. Bir görev verirlerse seve seve katılırım.
Savaş Ay: Önceki 10 Kasımlarda nasıl anardın Atatürk'ü?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Sirenler çalar, tören yapılır. ( She gives an different answer from what is expected. Savaş Ay asks what she does personally but, she tells what people do. So that, there is no relavance here.)
Savaş Ay: Sen ne yapardın?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Herkes gibi saygı duruşu. Saat 10'da. ( It is certain that Atatürk died at 9,05.
She says something incorrect. Here, she violates quality maxim.)
Savaş Ay: Saat 10'da mı?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Evet. Tam öldüğü saatte yani.
!!!!!!
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Mecburuz, o çok büyüktü çünkü.
Savaş Ay: Ecevit'e sen de çok üzüldün di mi?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Nasıl üzülmem? Dürüst insandı.
Savaş Ay: Oy vermiş miydin?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Dostluk ve Sevgi Partisi'ne mi? ( No quality again.)
Savaş Ay: Hıı?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: DSP yani.
!!!!!!!!
…………………….
Savaş Ay: Spordan başlayalım.
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Onu baştan kaçırdık. (she is not clear here so, I think she flunks manner maxim.
………………………
Savaş Ay: Futbola ilgin var mı?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Galatasaraylıyım.
Savaş Ay: Kim var kalenizde?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Rüştü var. ( No quality again.)
........................................
Savaş Ay: Oedipus mu bu?
Yeliz Yeşilmen: Yok Türk’tü Antepliydi. ( No relavance )
Savaş Ay: Kompleksini dedim.
12.11.2006 Posta gazetesi sayfa 26
Seçkin KIPÇAK 3231040048
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3231040103
3-A
Turkish TV Series “Ihlamurlar Altında” - Speech Act Theory and Speech Events
Dialog 1
Y:Bu tür eğlencelere alışık değilim..
F:Öyle görünmüyor. Çok güzel dans ediyorsun CONSTATIVES=> Disagreeing
Y: Unuttuğumu sanmıştım.. =>Although Yılmaz does not claim directly that his performance is good, he accepts Filiz’s comment by sating “Unuttuğumu sanmistim”.
F: Unutmamışsın..
Dialog 2
Yılmaz: Yukarı çıkalım mı Filiz? Bu sabah sana yüklendiğim için özür dilerim.
=>Directives-Asking & Suggesting…………..Expressives-Apologizing
Filiz: Sana kızmıyorum. Çünkü haklıydın. Olanlara bende çok öfkeliyim. Ama tabi..benim böyle bir kararın altına imzamı atmayacağımı da bilmen gerekirdi!
Yılmaz: Evet. Nasıl gözüm karardıysa, düşünemedim, kusura bakma.
=>Commissives-Agreeing…………….. Expressives-Apologizing
Dialog 3
F: Burada ne işin var Yılmaz?
Y: Toplantıya geldim.
F: Görüyorum, en azında insanı salak yerine koyma!
Y: Estağfurullah
F: Merak ettiğim şu. Genel Kurul toplantısına katılacak noktaya nasıl geldin?
Y: Bu kadar şaşıracak bir şey yok. Bende sattığınız hisselerden aldım o kadar.
F: Gizlice, saman altında su yürüterek. Tam sana göre.
Speech Event/Business : Toplantı, Genel Kurul, Hisse
Dialog 4
Filiz: Merhaba. => Acknowledgements- Greeting
Yılmaz: Hosgeldin. Bu ne sürpriz. =>Expressives - Welcome
Filiz: Sen simdi niye geldiğimi merak ediyorsun. =>Constatives- Predicting
Yılmaz: Yani doğrusu evet. => Constatives-Answering
can also be clasifies as Commissive-Agreeing
Filiz: Teklifini düşündüm Yılmaz. Verdiğin dosyayı da inceledim. Doğrusu çok ilgimi çekti. Bu sabah babam ve Ömer'le gecen umutsuz konuşmamdan sonra çok iyi geldi. Sadece şirketi kurtarmaya odaklanmışlar , gözleri başka hiçbir şeyi görmüyor. İnanılır gibi değil. Ama senin önerin de zaten şirkette düşünülmüş.
Yılmaz: Biri olmadan diğerinin kurtulması olmaz. Mümkün değil böyle bir şey.
=>Constatives- Claming
TURN TAKINGS
Now, let’s work on a study from the TV program “Biri Bana Anlatsın.” (Subject is animal psychology)
1- Beyaz: Hoş geldiniz Hocam. Kendinizi tanıtır mısınız bize?
(Current speaker selects the next)
2- Guest: Efendim, ben İstanbul Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesiyim. İç hastalıklar ve psikoloji üzerine çalışmalarım var.
(Next speaker self- selects)
3- Beyaz: Şimdi burada önemli kısım psikoloji. Hayvan psikolojisi üzerine bir eğitim var mı Türkiye’de?
(Current speaker selects the next)
4- Guest: Fakültelerimizde bu konuda kısmen bilgiler veriliyor ama bunun uzmanlığı henüz yok.
(Next speaker self- selects)
5- Beyaz: Siz insan üzerinden mi çalışma yapmaya başladınız?
(Current speaker selects the next)
6- Guest: Insan üzerinden başladım ama hayvan çalışmaları yaptım.
(Next speaker self- selects)
7- K. Çöpdemir: Ama hocam şimdi insan psikolojisi değerlendirilirken insanın çocukluğuna iniliyor. Hayvanın çocukluğuna inmek biraz zor olmuyor mu?
(Current speaker selects the next)
8- Guest: Hayvan sahibine o şekilde yaklaşıyoruz.
(Next speaker self- selects)
9- K. Çöpdemir: Yani siz sahibinin çocukluğuna iniyorsunuz öyle mi?
(Current speaker selects the next)
10- Another guest: Laughs! (To show that she is there, too)
11- Guest: Evet. Gerçekten hayvanın geçmişi bizim için çok önemli.
(Next speaker self- selects)
12- Beyaz: Hocam, insan psikolojisine benzeyen durumlar çıkıyor mu hayvanlarda?
(Current speaker selects the next)
13- Guest: Bir örnek vereyim: Bana bir beyefendi geldi ve köpeğinin çok asabi davrandığından bahsetti. Beyefendiye kendisinin evde çocuklara bağırıp bağırmadığını sordum. O da bana kendisinin de biraz asabi olduğunu söyledi. Durum anlaşıldı.
(Next speaker self- selects)
14- Beyaz: Peki sonuç ne oldu?
(Current speaker selects the next)
15- Guest: Köpek için bir reçete yazdım ve beyefendiye verdim.(There is a pause!) (Current speaker continues)
16- Guest: Beyefendi reçeteye göz attıktan sonra gülmeye başladı ve bana kendisinin de aynı ilaçları kullandığını söyledi.
17- Everyone laughs!
Activity on Moves:
1- FRAMING MOVE:
Evet arkadaşlar;
2- FOCUSING MOVE:
Şimdi…
3- OPENING MOVE:
Sizinde bildiğiniz gibi LANGUAGE AND GENDER ve SOLIDARITY AND POLITENESS konularını işlemiştik. Ve GENDER ve POLITENESS `ın dili nasıl etkilediğine şahit olmuştuk.
4- FOLLOW-UP MOVE:
Bu konulardan da açıkça anlaşılacağı gibi cinsiyet, kibarlık, güç ve statü gibi bazı etkenler dil üzerinde anlam belirleyici niteliklere sahip olabilmektedir. Bu konularda sizin de dikkatinizi çeken ya da daha önemledir dediğiniz noktalar oldu mu? Olduysa fikirlerinizi bizimle paylaşabilir misiniz?
5- ANSWERING MOVE:
Samet: Hocam, daha çok dikkatimi çeken nokta kibarlığın dil üzerindeki etkisi konusuydu. Çünkü konuşma esnasında bazen gereksiz yere kibarlık yapıldığını görüyoruz. Bu konuları gördükten sonra bu tür ifadelerin anlam ayırıcı özellikler taşıdığını daha iyi anlayabiliyorum.
Elçin: Evet hocam. Arkadaşıma katılıyorum. Kibarlığın yanı sıra cinsiyet ve statünün de anlam ayırmada ne kadar önemli olduğuna da normal hayatta çok fazla rastlayabiliyoruz. Bunlar da gösteriyor ki her kelime ya da ifade kullanıldığı bağlam içinde anlam kazanmaktadır.
6- STRUCTURING MOVE:
Okey arkadaşlar. Samet ve Elçin` in de dediği gibi cinsiyet, statü, (gereksiz yere) kibarlık, güç ve bunlar gibi daha birçok etmen kullanmakta olduğumuz kelime ya da ifade üzerinde anlam ayırıcı ve anlam belirleyici özelliklere sahiptir. Bunlar çoğunlukla dilin sosyal yönünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu dersimizde bu özellikler üzerine birkaç örnek çözümlemesi yapacağız.
ACTS:
Example 1:
Ahmet: Ibrahim bu günlerde çok hastayım ya!
Ibrahim: Ben de sana hastayım.
Ahmet: ??????????
Locutionary: Ibrahim bu günlerde çok hastayım.
Illocutionary: Ahmet Ibrahim’e, hasta olduğunu belirtmek istiyor.
Perlocutionary: Ancak sapıkça fikirlere sahip olan Ibrahim, Ahmet’in kendisine ilan-ı aşk yaptığını zannediyor.
Example 2:
Adem: Nereye bakıyorsun öyle?
Nimetullah: Yazıya bakıyorum.
Adem: Hadi hadi. Nereye baktığını biliyoruz!
Locutionary: Nereye bakıyorsun öyle?
Illocutionary: Adem, Nimetullah’ın masaüstündeki resmemi yoksa yazmakta olduğu yazıya mı baktığını merak ediyor.
Perlocutionary: Adem, Nimetullah’ın aslında yazıya değil de masaüstünde duran Lord of the Rings’te rol alan bir aktrise baktığını ima ediyor.
ADJACENCY PAIRS
A Phone Call During Kurban Bayram:
1- Me: Ooo. Kulaklarıma inanamıyorum. Selamun Aleyküm kirve.
2- Kerim: Aleyküm selam kirve.
3- Me: Nerdesin ya? Senden haber alan cennetlik vallahi.
4- Kerim: Hiç sorma kirve. Bayram telaşı. Kurbanlıklarla ilgileniyorum. Bu arada bayramın mübarek olsun!
5- Me: Sağol kirve. Senin de bayramın mübarek olsun.
6- Kerim: Sen de sağol. Ee anlat bakalım nasıl geçiyor bayram Istanbulda.
7- Me: Nasıl geçsin ya her şeyden uzak. Sürünüyoruz işte. Senin nasıl geçiyor?
8- Kerim: İyidir çok şükür. Az önce sizin evdeydim. Sizinkilerin bayramını kutlamaya gittim.
9- Me: Ben de daha az önce onları aradım. Keşke orada olabilseydim ama hayırlısı.
10- Kerim: Korkma senin yerine de annenin elini öptüm. Baban da evde yoktu diye öpemedim.
11- Me: Çok sağol ya kirve. Ee neler yapıyon bakalım?
12- Kerim: Valla Sait abim çiğköfte yoğuruyor. Ben de ona yardım ediyom.
13- Me: Oldu mu şimdi kirve. Böyle bir zamanda aranır mı?
14- Kerim: Niye? Ne oldu ki?
15- Me: İnsan ararda çiğköfte yaptığını söyler mi hiç? Biliyorsun ki çok oldu çiğköfte yemeyeli. Sen de yaramızı deşiyon.
16- Kerim: Kusura bakma ya. Bilseydim söylemezdim valla.
17- Me: Bir daha olmasın. Yazık değil mi bu gurbetlerin çocuğuna(!)
18- Kerim: Neyse sen bir gel de sözüm olsun, sana da yaparız.
19- Me: İnşallah.
20- Kerim: Ne zaman geliyon hayırlısıyla?
21- Me: Sınavlar biter bitmez gelecem ama kesin tarih yok. Muhtemelen Şubat’ın 10’u gibi.
22- Kerim: İyi ya. Özlemişiz.
23- Me: Ee kirve. Var mı bana bir emrin, bir isteğin?
24- Kerim: Canının sağlığı kirve. Ne olsun. Sağdan yürü, kimseye bulaşma yeter bana.
25- Me: İyi, daha sonra görüşürüz. Evdeki herkesin bayramını da benim yerime kutlayabilir misin?
26- Kerim: Tabi ki ne demek. Senin var mı bir isteğin?
27- Me: Yok sağol. Herkese selamlarımı söyle. Kendine de iyi bak. Sen bize lazımsın unutma.
28- Kerim: Aleyküm selam. Sen de kendine iyi bak. Görüşürüz.
Analysis of the Conversation in the Terms of Adjacency Pairs:
Greeting – Greeting Adjacency Pairs in the Conversation:
1= s.1- Selamun Aleyküm
s.2- Aleyküm selam
2= s.27- Herkese selam söyle.
s.28- Aleyküm selam.
Question – Answer Adjacency Pairs in the Conversation:
1= s.3- Nerdesin ya?
s.4- Hiç sorma kirve. Bayram telaşı. Kurbanlıklarla ilgileniyorum.
2= s.6- Ee anlat bakalım. Nasıl geçiyor Bayram Istanbulda?
s.7- Nasıl geçsin ya. Sürünüyoruz işte.
3= s.7- Senin nasıl geçiyor?
s.8- Iyidir çok şükür.
4= s.11- Ee neler yapıyon bakalım?
s.12- Valla sait abim çiğköfte yoğuruyor, ben de ona yardım ediyom.
5= s.13- Böyle bir zamanda aranır mı?
s.14- Niye?
6= s.14- Ne oldu ki?
s.15- İnsan ararda çiğköfte yaptığını söyler mi yahu? Biliyorsun ki çok oldu
Çiğköfte yemeyeli. Sen de yaramızı deşiyon.
7= s.15- İnsan ararda çiğköfte yaptığını söyler mi hiç?
s.16- Bilseydim söylemezdim valla.
8= s.20- Ne zaman geliyon hayırlısıyla?
s.21- Sınavlar biter bitmez gelecem ama kesin tarih yok.
9= s.23- Var mı bana bir emrin, bir isteğin?
s.24- Canının sağlığı kirve.
10= s.25- Evdeki herkesin bayramını da benim yerime kutlayabilir misin?
s.26- Tabi ki ne demek.
11= s.26- Senin var mı bir isteğin?
s.27- Yok, sağol.
Congratulation – Thanks Adjacency Pairs in the Conversation:
1= s.4- Bu arada bayramın mübarek olsun.
s.5- Sağol kirve.
2= s.5- Senin de bayramın mübarek olsun.
s.6- Sen de sağol.
Apology – Acceptance Adjacency Pairs in the Conversation:
1= s.15- İnsan ararda çiğköfte yaptığını söyler mi hiç? Biliyorsun ki çok oldu çiğköfte yemeyeli. Sen de yaramızı deşiyon.
s.16- Kusura bakma ya. Bilseydim söylemezdim valla.
Inform – Acknowledge Adjacency Pairs in the Conversation:
1= s.10- Korkma senin yerine de annenin elini öptüm. Baban da evde yoktu diye onun elini öpemedim.
s.11- Çok sağol ya kirve.
2= s.12- Valla Sait abim çiğköfte yoğuruyor, ben de ona yardım ediyom.
s.13- Oldu mu şimdi kirve.
Question – Question Adjacency Pairs in the Conversation:
1= s.13- Böyle bir zamanda aranır mı?
s.14- Niye? Ne oldu ki?
FRAMES
Patient: (Opening) Kolay gelsin Doktor Bey. (Participant identification)
Doctor: Sağolun. Size nasıl yardımcı olabilirim?
Patient: Benim gözlerimle ilgili bir sorunum vardı da. (Problem statement)
Doctor: Evet, sizi dinliyorum.
Patient: Geçen aydan bu yana gözlerimde aşırı sulanma ve çabuk yorulma var. (Symptom negatiation)
Doctor: Daha önce böyle bir durum oldu mu?
Patient: Bu kadar sıklıkla olmamıştı.
Doctor: Peki, bu günlerde artmış olmasının belirli bir sebebi var mı sizce?
Patient: Sınavlardan ve aşırı ışıktan kaynaklanmış olabilir mi?
Doctor: (Diagnosis) Olabilir. Bir bakalım. Őyle görünüyor ki asıl sebep, Miyop belirtilerinin ortaya çıkmış olması. Biraz bekletebilir miyim acaba? Ne yapabiliriz bakalım.
Patient: Tabii ki.
Doctor: Hmm. Sanırım size gözlük önermek zorundayım. Nasıl olur? (Advice)
Patient: Onun yerine Lens kullanabilir miyim? Gözlük kullanmayı sevmiyorum da.
Doctor: O da olabilir.
Patient: Teşekkür ederim öyleyse. (Advice acceptance)
Doctor: Ben teşekkür ederim. Sağlıklı günler. (Preclosing)
Patient: Hoşçakalın. (Closing)
NIMETULLAH OZLEYIK
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Speech event is that the duran family has some money on stock exchange and the speculator adnan is coming to their house .he has good news for them that their money rises in stock..
The speech is like that:
Adnan asks in a way that if something has happened with their Money and he has good news for them.the locution is that whether they feel good or bad but illocution is^^ I ^^bring good news for you and perlocution is mrs dursun understands the situation and responds in an implicated way that they feel relief about the good news mr adnan’s brings to them..
Adnan:eee nasılsınız bakalım ?(he is asking the question with a smile on his face)
Dursun:iyiyiz iyiyiz(there is a repetetion of well being and we understand this from tone of woman’s voice,from intonation)
Adnan:iyiyiz…iyiyiz .ne oldu sizi böyle iki kere sewindirecek?(again repitetion and admitting her manner.asking a question which he knows the answer very well but his intention is to hear it from woman’s mouth)
Dursun:Hilmi çıtlattı biraz ama …(she got the intention,they dont need to talk about the situation,perlocution is dursun understood his intention)
Adnan:son iki saatte bir kere daha katladı .biz hemen saatleri sessize aldık (at this time adnan’s act is so joyfull and according to awoman it is not moral ,it is something like you show^^sessize aldık^^with your hands and arms ,according to speculator it is something about Exchange ,you make your Money wait until next day for rising it’s value)
Adnan:bir bayanın yanında yapılmaması gereken bir hareket canım (he apologizes in this way)
Event is after having mental problems Hilmi closes himself into his room and one day mr Adnan and his wife mrs behice visits the duran family.but this visit is not only visiting to an ill person but also fostering their curiosity ,especially mrs behice’s intention is like that.hilmi has mental problems ,he speaks with god and he has electricity on his body .generally the wife behice speaks with sarcasm .when they are speaking the doorkeeper at the same time the owner of the building emrullah comes.
Behice:nasılsın dursuncuğum?zayıflamışsın(with an awful smile on her face),daha doğrusu resmen çökmüşsün yani..(judging with sarcasm,there is an useless expression here)
Dursun:iyi olmaya çalışıyoruz(really they arent good ,she is telling the opposite,expresses in a modest way)
Behice:hiç çalışma çok zor(directive in a negative manner her intention is to demoralize).halina baksana..en son elektriği de kesmişler he?(she asks a question which she knows the answer very well but her intention is to make dursun feel bad perlocution she reaches her aim)
Dursun:evet ..alçağın birisi ihbar etmiş bizi..ama açtırdık neyse ki…
Behice:hayır (disagreeing but for illocutionary she agrees)talihsizliklerde hep sizi buluyor diye söyledim(explanation she understands that her manner is disregarded from dursun’s face
Emrullah interrupts he has problems with duran family and says:
Vallahi felaket felaket üstüne (agreeing with behice)bir de şimdi taşınma derdi var.(there is explanation and also he makes this explanation in a sarcastic way.locution is he worries about their situation ,illocution is leave this house in a very short time because you havent paid your rent ,find yourself a new one..)var değil mi?(he insists ,waits for agreement)
Dursun:var emrullah efendi var.(she gets bored,shows agreement with repetition)bakıyoruz..kiralık ev öyle ha deyince bulunmuyor.(she understands his intention, from his way of asking so perlocution ;he reaches the idea which he insists on madly)
Behice:Adnan sorsana(it is a directive)
Adnan:eee*Hilmi nerde (he understands her way of asking ,intention again curiosity)
Dursun:odasında(responds in an angry manner)
Adnan:yenge hanım millet Hilmi için şey diyor(he asks embrassad ,he knows what others think about Hilmi but he wants to hear from dursun)
Dursun:ne diyor ?(ın an angry manner repeats the question ,she understands his intention)
Adnan:vallahi ne bileyim biraz şey olmuş diyorlar .
Behice:ben söyleyeyim anacığım ,kusura bakma ama kocan için kafayı yemiş diyorlar
Adnan:behice hanım!(shut up directive and also warning)
Behice:canım ben komşu olarak şey yapıyorum .herkes böyle konuşuyor yalan mı?(waiting for agreement and explain in a sharp way)kusura bakmayın ben dobra bir insanım!
Adnan:dobra dobra sus ozaman..şimdi yenge hanım esas itibariyle…..(he takes the turn ,intention is his to avoid his wife’s rudeness ..he starts with declaration)………….
There is another event here betwen mrs dursun and her son’s girl friend şükran .şükran visits duran family and when leaving the house
Şükran:ben kaçayım abla bana müsaade (really she doesn’t escape :)
Dursun:peki kızım.babana nefretlarimizi ilet…
The locution is probably say your father our hate our disregard generally we know that when sending a message to someone we send good regards or best wishes..illocution is they try to manage to say their bad feelings because şükran’s father beating her..
To sum up in our lifes we are the social ones and we have to interact with each other .for this reason think about that if you dont know the intention of person with whom you are negotiating with isnt it bad? Some times really the words the utterances that people say arent reflect people’s thoughts.
ALPER KILIÇ [Takejiro]
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Memorable Quotes from Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Joel: “Constantly talking isn't necessarily communicating.”(Constative: Claiming)
• Illocution: We can communicate by looking at each other, not only talking.
• Perlocution: In the movie, Clementine looks at him without talking…
________________________________________________
[Clementine and Joel have broken into an empty house on the Montauk beach]
Joel: “I think we should go.”(Directive: Suggesting)
• Illocution: He wants to go, because it’s not their own house.
• Perlocution: So he doesn’t enter to the house and waits outside.
Clementine: “No, it's our house! Just tonight...”(Constative: Claiming)
• Illocution: In order to be in the house, she revolts against him and claims that the house is theirs.
• Perlocution: She is still in the house and looks around.
[she looks at an envelope on the counter]
Clementine: “...we're David and Ruth Laskin.(Declaration)
Which one do you want to be?(Commisive: Offering)
I'd like to be Ruth, but I can be flexible.”
• Illocution: Using some stuff in the house she wants to convince him to enter to the house.
• Perlocution: She opens a letter and plays a trick to convince him.
________________________________________________
Joel: “Is there any risk of brain damage?”(Commisive: Guaranteeing)
• Illocution: He wants to be sure if it’s harmful or not for his brain.
• Perlocution: He asks in guaraneeing way to Dr. Howard.
Howard: “Well, technically speaking, the operation is brain damage, but on a par with a night of heavy drinking. Nothing you'll miss.”(Constative: Identifying)
• Illocution: Don’t worry, it’s harmful as much as a night of heavy drink.
• Perlocution: He wants to convince him and to start the operation.
________________________________________________
Clementine: “Hi!”(Acknowledgment: Greetting)
• Illocution: Hey, I’m here!
• Perlocution: She wants to meet with him.
Joel: “Excuse me?”(Acknowledgment: Apogolizing)
• Illocution: Is it me whom you said “Hi!”?
• Perlocution: He looks at her in questioning way.
Clementine: “I just said hi.”(Constative: Answering, Explanation)
• Illocution: I don’t want to irritate you, I only want to meet with you.
• Perlocution: She smiles to him to show that she is friendly.
________________________________________________
Joel: “Can you hear me? I don't want this any more! I want to call it off!”(Directive: Requesting)
• Illocution: Is there anyone who can hear me? This operation makes me bad.
• Perlocution: He shouts to be heard by the people who continue the operaiton.
________________________________________________
[Clementine is trying to comfort baby Joel by showing him her crotch]
Clementine: “My crotch is still here, just as you remembered it.”(Representative: Believe)
• Illocution: Don’t worry I’m still here, with you.
• Perlocution: She shows her crotch to prove that she is his Clementine.
________________________________________________
Joel: “I could die right now, Clem. I'm just... happy. I've never felt that before. I'm just exactly where I want to be.”(Acknowledgment: Thanking, Expressive)
• Illocution: I’m sooo happy with you!
• Perlocution: He looks to her in lovely way and say this.
________________________________________________
[Hammering noises in the background]
Rob: "Fu*k!"(Expressive)
Carrie: "Rob, give it a rest."(Directive: Suggesting)
• Illocution: If it’s hard for you, don’t do then.
• Perlocution: She says in sarcastic way.
Rob: "Carrie, I am making a birdhouse."(Constative: Explanation)
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[as Joel and Clementine eat out, he thinks about the other glum-looking couples in the restaurant]
Joel: “Are we like couples you see in restaurants? Are we the dining dead?”(Constative: Claiming)
• Illocution: Our love is finished, we still love each other?
• Perlocution: He is gloomy and asks by himself…
________________________________________________
Rob: “The plane crashed. I didn't crash the plane.”(Constative: Denying)
• Illocution: I didn’t do it, it did by itself!
• Perlocution: He says in angrily way.
________________________________________________
Joel: “Look at it out here, it's all falling apart. I'm erasing you and I'm happy!”(Expressive)
• Illocution: You erased me and I’m erasing you.
• Perlocution: He says “I’m happy!”, but in a angrily way and so he isn’t happy actually.
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Joel: “I had a really nice time last night.”(Expressive)
Clementine: “Nice?”(Constative: Disagreeing)
• Illocution: I didn’t like this expression, talk in my style.
• Perlocution: She asks in disagreeing way
Joel: “I had the best fu*king night of my entire fu*king life, last night!”(Acknowledgment)
• Illocution: I understood what you wanted and so I talk in your style.
• Perlocution: He talks enthusiasticly and happily.
Clementine: “Thaaaat's better!”(Constative: Agreeing)
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Quotes from the movie: “Eternal Sunshine of The Spotless Mind” 2004
Topic: Conversation analysis according to Gricean Maxims
* Dialogues of this assignment are taken from the “Fight Club“ movie(1999).
Tyler Durden is the reflection of the narrator’s other side who feels drown in the consumer community. The narrator thinks Durden is a friend he met in a plane. They, together, start ‘fight club’ where men fight each other to forget about the real world. Then Durden effects these people by his leadership and turns them to the members of his illegal organisation.
1) In the speech below he talks to the men under his command when they are working for his great plan;
Tyler Durden: listen up maggots
you are not special
your not a beautiful or unique snowflake
you are the same decaying organic matter as everything else
we are the all-singing all-dancing crap of the world
we are all part of the same compost heap
Here Durden tells the men that they are not valuable and they are like other things decaying and disappearing. One of the features which determine the quality of a conversation is illocution-perlocution compatibility. The other men don’t give verbal feedback in this conversation ,but we see that they understand the same thing with what he intends to say when they become part of his plan and do what he wants.
Here the men who are spoken are not given a speaking turn and also Durden’s words involve insult so there is lack of respect.
Durden here tells how people should think about themselves(unvaluable, decaying matter, maggots..). This is the truth for him and he believes it is true and this idea is his case anyway.
Speakers contributions should relate to the purpose of the exchange. Since there are a leader and his men here, the conversation’s purpose is to listen the leader and obey him. Participation of both sides is compatible with the purpose: Durden talks and others just listen to him. But if we think about whether it is a successful conversation, one-sided conversation is not enough for both sides to understand each other exactly.
Solution for this conversation:
• Both sides should be respectful to each other to have successful communication. That is each of them should be able to take turns and tell what they think and feel
• Durden must be more respectful to his audience. He must speak more politely
2) The narrator suffers from insomnia, he goes to a doctor to have some drug;
Dr: No, you can’t die from insomnia
N: what about narcolepsy. I wake up in strange places. I have no idea how I got there.
- He interrupts doctor. This is not suitable because doctor is the knowing person, so doctor is on a higher position. He mustn’t cut him. Also interruption causes mutual respect to disappear and this lowers the quality of a conversation.
Dr: You need to lighten up
- Doctor is clear and berief and this makes his contribution suitable for the context because he is busy due to his job and he must be understandable as he works on people’s health
N: Can you please get me something (he asks for drug)
- The narrator continues interrupting, and also this shows there is illocution perlocution difference because he hasn’t understand illocution that he doesn’t have a serious illness, yet
Dr: No, you need a healthy natural sleep. Chew some valerian root and get more excercise
- Doctor infers what the intend of the man (to get some drug) is, so he advices basic things (valerian root, excercise) to satisfy him.
(when the doctor turns back to go)
N: Hey, come on I’m in pain.
- The narrator must speak in official language but he uses collequal language. This is not the way to talk to a doctor so he is not suitable nor respectful. Also the narrator tries to extend the conversation to convince the doctor to give some drug. He goes beyond the quantity maxim.
Dr: You wanna see pain? Swing by First Methodist (a place where people with a same major problem gather in groups and share themselves to rest) Tuesday nights. See the guys with testecular cancer. That is pain.
We can say there is relevance in this dialogue, they talk in the direction of the doctor-patient relationship, the purpose
Solution for this conversation:
• The narrator must listen to the doctor as both he is knowing person to solve his problem and for to be respectful to the second person
• He must concider the crosswise status so he must use official language
• He must speak, contribute as much as he can transfer his illocution. Not more
3) The narrotor and Marla, the girl he met in the disease support groups, are talking about their reasons to go to the groups. This dialogue is a good example on being clear in conversation;
N: Hey, listen, uh. What are you getting out of all this?
- The narrotor is hedging when talking, this causes ambiguity. He isn’t clear.
M: What?
N: I mean all this. Why do you keep …… Is this making you happy
M: Yeah, well, sometimes
N: I don’t know. I don’t understand. Why does a weaker person need to latch on a strong person? What is that?
M: Well, what do you get out of it?
N: No, it’s …. it’s not the same thing at all. I mean we’re …. We’re
- The narrator can’t be understandable. He isn’t clear.
M: Us? What dou mean by “ us”?
- He doesn’t speak directly, he isn’t clear. Therefore she can’t get the illocution.
Solution for this conversation:
• The narrotor must tell his intend more directly
• He shoul speak without hedging
4) Marla and the narrator are talking about their relationship. This conversation may heavily be a good example on desire for conversation;
M: That day you came to my house to play doctor what was going there?
N: Nothing. Nothing
- He doesn’t want to speak, not coopeartive, also his contribution isn’t enough to keep on the conversation (quantity).
M: I don’t think so
N: Come on what do you want?
M: Look at me
N: No, what?
- He is avoiding from speaking, no cooperation
M: Look at me
(she sees the burn in his hand)
M: What is that?
N: It is nothing don’t worry about it.
M: Oh, my God. Who did this?
N: A person
M: Guy or girl?
N: What do you care if it is a guy or a girl?
……………(dialogue continues in the same shape)
N: This conversation is over!
- The conversation is cut off because of respect lost
Solution for this conversation:
• Either girl should have waited until the man felt good, ready for speaking or the man should have told what the girl wanted so their conversation would be more more successful
Conversational Analysis of ‘My Name is Earl (Episode: Teacher Earl)’ according to the Speech Act Theory and Speech Events
A-Plot summary of the Episode which is chosen to be analyzed: ‘’Teacher Earl’’
Earl loved to make fun of people with funny accents and because of Karma, he wants to pay back all the people he made fun of. Scandinavian, Hispanic or Asian, he laughed at them all. What does he decide to do? Teach English to foreigners.
While Earl and Randy are getting something to eat, one of Earl's old friends, Ralph shows up. Turns out he just finished up 18 months in prison. Now that he's out, he's eager to start stealing again. Randy and Earl tag along a bit,
but Earl realizes he can't do this anymore. After Ralph steals stuff from a store, takes a bridal dress and throws all his beer cans in the apartment complex's pool, Earl decides he has to tell Ralph about the List and his changed ways. So he takes all of Ralph's stolen stuff and cleans up the pool.
While cleaning the pool, Joy shows up and tells Earl he can't teach English anymore. She explains that one of Earl's students has a nail business next door to Joy's nail business. The only reason people go to Joy is because she speaks English so she doesn't want Earl's students to learn. Just then Ralph walks in and hears them talking about the List. Ralph questions Earl and he has to explain everything. Ralph doesn't really pay attention until Earl mentions the $100,000 he won. Ralph decides to give Karma a chance and he cleansup. .
Soon after, Ralph gets a job and an apartment room next door to Randy and Earl. He starts working at a Lamp Store. Earl is proud of Ralph until he sees that he's been stealing lamps from the store. He decides not to be friends with Ralph anymore because he still steals. Randy starts to hangout with Ralph more then Earl and tells him that it's his List and he has nothing to do with it. Meanwhile, Earl teaches his class that "1 Block right then 2 Blocks left" is how to get to his house. Back at Joy's trailer where she has her nail business, she is teaching Earl's student to speak English. Too bad she is really teaching her to say disgusting things so she loses all her customers. When Earl is back at his room he gets a phone call from Ralph telling him that while Randy and him were stealing from a house, Randy got stuck in a chimney. Earl goes to help them out, but it was just a trick to get Earl to leave.
Ralph hits Randy over the head with a lamp after he comes out of the bathroom and ties him up. When Randy comes to, he finds himself in Earl's room with Ralph ripping the place apart. He wants Randy to tell him where Earl puts his money. Randy doesn't tell Ralph until he drags him in the shower and sprays hot water on his "goods". Randy tells him that the money is in a safe box at the bank and Earl has the only key. Just then, Earl decides to head back to his room because he can't find Randy in any chimneys. He walks in his room, sees Randy tied up and gets smashed in the head by a lamp, courtesy of Ralph .When Earl regains consciousness, Randy explains that
Ralph took his key and his heading to the bank to steal his money.
Randy apologizes to Earl for hanging out with Ralph even after he stole things and that Karma is punishing him for it. He tells Earl to call out to Karma and see if it helps them. Earl thinks it's silly but does it anyway. After calling out several times, his door opens and his English class walks in. They said there was no class so they went "1 block right then 2 blocks left" and
came to Earl's house. Earl quickly calls the police who are waiting for Ralph when he shows up at the bank. He manages to run away from them. Earl takes his class out to eat for saving him and Randy. Another check off the List. Just then Ralph walks in and gives Earl his key back. He apologizes for what he did and Earl rightfully forgives him.
B-Analyse of the conversations which are taken from this episode
1-In the classroom (Speech event takes place in classroom. )
Earl: Hi, my name is Earl.(Locution, the act of uttering. This is first lesson. The teacher would like to start the lesson by teaching introducing yourself. To be able accomplish this step he introduces himself by saying this introducing sentence pretty emphasized. He goes to one of his student wants her to introduce herself as the way he did. Actually this sentence performs a directive speech act without a W-question word. Moreover Through repetition of the same phrase he wants to supply a deductive learning)
Kim lee: My name is Earl (Illocution, the speaker’s intention isn’t realized in producing an utterance. What the teacher wants the student say doesn’t pass to the answer of the student. She couldn’t support an appropriate response to the directive speech act. The teacher wants her to use the same phrase to introduce herself. However she hadn’t mastered the English language. As a result of it she couldn’t encode the intended meaning of the utterance)
Earl: Really?
Hello Earl. In my country Earl is a boy’s name.( Perlocution, due to the wrong contribution of the student to the conversation the teacher supposes that he and the student have the same names.
2-Earl is with the motel maid- Catalina (The speech event is an advice)
There isn’t any opening. It is because of that Earl determines at the beginning of this scene his intention of repairing his fault before he appears on the scene with Catalina. In this stage Earl reveals and stated his problem. In this conversation Catalina knows the problem. So the following conversation starts with negotiation of the problem.
C: You make fun of the way people talk. You should be ashamed of yourself. (negotiation of the problem: She criticizes him because of his way of making fun of people who talk accent )
E: I am just…don’t know how to make up for.(Acceptance of fault and looking for a solution)
C: You wanna make up for laughs of people who can’t speak your language teach them your language.(Advice negotiation; She advises him to teach his language as problem solution)
E: I can do that. (Advice acceptance)
Does the manager know you wash off the plastic cups and put them back in the rooms?(topic change)
3-talking to Joy at the poolside while cleaning the pool
The speech event is complaints. If something or someone has been complaining it can be done in two ways, either by the means of positive politeness (which establish and maintain the comity) or by the help of negative politeness which is mostly employed by Americans. These complaints can be either directly stated (on record strategy) or by the means of hints, vagueness, rhetorical questions (off record strategy)
Joy: Hey, Ex-one (man )! I don’t know, the hairs on your moustache find angle which makes you teach English. But you need to stop it.(complaint statement: The opening doesn’t include a formal greeting template because these people (earl and joy) had a very close relation once. Besides after being divorced they have been good friends. Based on this close relationship there isn’t any formal greeting form. Namely she doesn’t worry about that earl will feel offense and severe the relation with her. Consequently this way of starting to complaint won’t damage their social relationship. Because a complaint has under its social aspect power which can easily damage the relations.
E: Excuse me! (Desire for the explanation of this complaint statement, directive. He demands with this phrase more information about the subject which had angered Joy. Moreover he depicts that he isn’t aware of the reason which had angered Joy. )
J: You got a Chinese girl in your class, Kim lee? (Explaining the complaint reason. She reveals the problem directly. It means she employs ‘on record strategy’.)
E: She is not Chinese, She is Vietnamese (Earl gives the true information about Kim’s nationality. This correction displays that his face and social competence are on the equal level. Namely neither he is arrogant nor is he antisocial.)
J: Chinese or Japanese or chachi-cheese. She don’t to be learnt English. ( the complete complaint statement )
E: Why? (asking for justification)
J: Because She gonna cut my premium nail decorate business. (Justification of the complaint)
Here thre is a flashbak scene about the business conflict between Kim and Joy.Earl explains in this scene how this conflict occured and developed.
After this scene the conversation between Joy and Earl goes on.
J: Look, Teacher had a talk. I’ve got____. (Convincing Earl about giving up teaching)
E: here is good people Joy. I mean they have right to learn whatever they want.(Rejection Joy’s wish)
J: No, They don’t. There is nothing in the bible it is that people have right learn the stuffs. (Insisting on the theme)
E: I’m sorry, Joy. It is on my list. I made fun of people who can’t talk. I can’t do it.
(Arguing of the rejection. The complaint isn’t taken into consideration by Earl)
In this part of the conversation there isn’t any more a complaint speech event, instead in this following part of the conversation I am going to highlight the elements of the speech act. In this ongoing conversation Ralp (a friend of Earl ) joins to the conversation by asking information about Earl’s list
Ralph: What list? ( Locution: the act of uttering here directive function is performed. Ralp wants information about this list which has been mentioned by joy. )
J: Hey Ralph, how was prison?
R: I'd say about a five. What list?
E: It's nothing.(Illocution: The speaker’s intention is realized in producing an utterance. However Earl doesn’t want reveal something about this list. Because of this the answer seems as if he didn’t encode the intended meaning behind this question)
J: You mean this idiot hasn't told you about his stupid list yet? Yeah he's a real goody two shoes now. He's gone straight and the rest of us have to pay for it.(Illocution 2: Joy encodes the intention of the question and starts to clarify it).
R: Gone straight. Earl, what's she talking about?
E: I was gonna tell you.
R: Wait,wait. Is that where my sister's wedding dress has gone? Did you take it back?
(perlocution: Ralp starts to grasp what kind of list is it. So he can understand why Earl took the wedding dress back)
E: I'm sorry ( acknowledgement: he apologizes from Ralp). I had to. I don't steal anymore Ralph (Declaration: he announces that he gave up stealing)
R: I don't even know what to say.
J: Is his sister getting married? Is she? Because if she didn't ask me to be a bridegroom I swear to God I will walk right down to that ________ and I will wrap her neck around that(Topic change)
C: It was his idea. He told me not to waste my time trying to be so clean now that AAA(triple A) took away half a star(talking about this topic)
11-In Earl’s room
Speech event : Apologizing
Randy:Earl?
Earl: what happened?
R: Ralph, set us up. He took your safe deposit key and your drivers license and he's on his way down to the bank to steal your lottery money.
Earl: They're not gonna give him my money; he doesn't look anything like me.
(Flashback to Ralph in a wig and moustache)
Randy: He did before he left.
R: I’m sorry Earl(Word of Being sorry). It is my fault. I was bad (taking the responsibility) and something bad happened. Karma. It is like you’re always tell’ng me.(Explanation)
E: It doesn’t make any sense. Why is Karma punishing me? You’ve been do’ng bad things with Ralph. I’ve been good.(He interrogates the Karma)
R: Yeah, You’ve been good. (Acknowledgement his justness) Hey, maybe if you call Karma, it’ll come and save us. Call it(Offer of Repair)
E: Randy, it doesn’t work like that. It is Karma, it isn’t Lassie (Interrogation the offer).
R: Come on. You can just try it.(Struggle to convince Earl to apply the offer )
E: Randy, I’m not….
R: Come on Earl. What about lose everything? It is all my fault. Can you just try it? (Keeping on insisting)
E: Fine, Karma... see it doesn’t work. (Applying the offer)
R: try louder.
E: Karma
By applying the offer of solution Earl has showed that he accepted the apology. But Randy didn’t promise for non recurrence.
Lets read the the following lines to find out how Randy and Earl got rescued.
A black man from a group of people knocks the door and says ‘Hello’
E:__
R: Oh girl. It is Karma’s Army, made of the people from all over lands, all the worlds.
E: What do you guys do’ng here?
The black man: Earl no come class.
E: How did you find me?
All the people in that group (says alltogether): One block than right two blocks than left that is how to get Earlest.
E: We’ll look at that. I did teach something.
R: Thanks Karma (by looking up).
To sum up it can be said taht what we utter doesn't have always literal meanings or aren't always said directly. Depending on our intentions meanings are attached to utterances which can be only decoded in situations and contexts.As an example conversation differences between Earl and his brother Randy (where the conversation goes smoothly ) and between Kim and Earl (where a missunderstanding occurs) can be given to depict where a conversation can be easily broken down wenn one of the participant of the conversation isn't enough capable to decode the attached meanings to the utterances.
ebru salgun 3231040015
american history x -pragmatics
First example
REPORTER
Earlier this evening...LA County
Firefighter Dennis Vinyard was shot
and killed while putting out a fire in
a suspected Compton drug den. (informing the news to the people in front of tv)
REPORTER
To my right I have Lieutenant
Vinyard's oldest son Derek. (introducing Derek)
How do you feel about all this, son? (trying to figure out the boy’ s feeling)
DEREK
How do I feel? How do you think I
feel? It's typical. (at first he focuses on unnecessity of the question and he means that the reporter knows the answer already and by saying it is typical , he means the reason of his father’s death was not surprising)
REPORTER
Typical how, Derek? ( wanting more clear and specific information)
DEREK
Well...look at our country. It's a
haven for criminals. Black...brown...
yellow...whatever. ( implying that it is race related )
REPORTER
So you're saying the murder of your
father is "race" related? ( asking confirmation and more information of the statement of him)
DEREK
Every problem in this country is
"race" related. Every problem, not
just crime. These problems are rooted
in the black community, the Hispanic
community, the Asian...every non-
Protestant group in our society.
(then)
Look at the shit. Immigration...
welfare...AIDS...they're all thee
problems of the non-white. Look at
the statistics. ( explaining his thougt and supporting it with statics and clarifying what he means by sayingrace related)
REPORTER
Most of these issues you're referring
to though son are related to—( implying that actually he disagree with Derek and trying to express the reoson)
DEREK
(interrupting)
No no no! Don't say poverty right now
cause that's not it. They're not a
product of our fucking environment
either! Minorities don't give two
shits about this country! They're
here to exploit...not embrace. ( he understands the reporter’s attitude and implies that you have the same opinion with others and begins insulting .)
DEREK
Millions of white Europeans came to
this country and flourished within a
generation! A generation! So what
the fuck is wrong with these people?!
REPORTER
What does any of this have to do with
your father? (implying that he still doesnt agree with Derek)
DEREK
Because my father was doing his
fucking job! Saving a nigger
neighborhood he didn't give two shits
about! And he got killed by some drug
dealer who still collects a fucking
welfare check.(acusing and insulting )
second example
SETH
Sit down. I wanna ask you some
questions.
DANNY
I got homework, Seth.(not wanting to talk)
SETH
Two fucking seconds, dude! (he doesnt accept the excuse and makes him sit)
SETH
Tell me your convictions.(in fact by placing the word “conviction “ , he asks Danny to figure out what he means by himself so he uses this wide meaning word.)
DANNY
Fuck off.(not wanting to deal with him)
SETH
Tell me some of the shit you've
learned luckbrain or I'll pistol-whip
you. ( still trying to take the answer he already know by implying he doesnt give up until he will tell)
DANNY
About Adolf? (asking clearity)
SETH
About anything. What do you believe
in?( not wanting to give any clue just wanting to learn his anwer)
DANNY
I believe in filth and destruction and
chaos and death and greed.(teasing)
SETH
What else?(not satisfy)
DANNY
I believe in my family.(still mentioning another things to make seth mad)
SETH
Why?
DANNY
"Respect your father and your mother.
Whoever curses your mother and
father... is to be put to death."
Matthew 15-4.
SETH
Good. What else? Tell me what I want
to hear, asshole.(not standing anymore and confesses he wants to know specific thing)
DANNY
You mean that stuff about your mother?(still teasing)
SETH
You wanna get beaten?(frustrating)
DANNY
No.(still teasing)
SETH
Then tell me about Adolf and Mein.(saying clearly what he wants to learn)
DAVINA (DANNY’S SİSTER)
Hey Seth? Cut the shit. (she feels uncomfortable about the topic)
SETH
I'm not fuckin' talkin' to you,
Davina, shut up! Do you believe in
Adolf?(ignoring devina and in front of her wanting danny to confirm him that he supportsthe ideas of adolf hitler )
DANNY
Yeah, man. I believe in Adolf.(trying to get rid of him by saying what he wants to hear)
SETH
What do you hate, Danny?( forcing him to tell more)
DANNY
I hate everyone that isn't white
Protestant.
SETH
Why? And say it with some fucking
conviction!(still forcing )
DANNY
Because they're a burden to the
advancement of the white race. Some
of them are all right—( he speaks as if he memorized them but he knows infact these aretoo extreme he implies it with the last statement)
SETH
None of them are all right, Danny.
They're all a bunch of fucking
freeloaders.( noticing danny’s uncertainty )
Remermber Canuneron. "We don't know
them, we don't want to know them,
they're the fucking enemy." What
don't you like about them?(by calling thename cameron he wants to make believe himself about the subject)
DANNY
I don't know. I feel threatened by
them.
SETH
What else, Danny? And speak
intelligently you little queer faggot.( needing to hear more so encouraging)
DANNY
I hate the fact that it's cool to be
black these days.
SETH
Good.(agreeing , supporting,encouraging)
DANNY
I hate this hip hop influence on white
fuckin' suburbia.
SETH
Good!
SETH
That's the best shit I've ever heard
come out of that mouth.(prouding because he gets what he wants)
DAVINA
I feel.sorry for you, Danny.(dissappointed)
Third example
DANNY
There's a black guy outside Der...
breaking into your car. ( not directly mentioning the event and use “black “especially)
DEREK
How long has he been out there?
DANNY
Not long.
STACEY
Who?
DEREK
Nobody. Relax.(trying to calm)
STACEY
Who's out there, Derek?
DEREK
Not right now, honey. (wanting her to stop talking)
(to Danny)
How many?
DANNY
One...I think.
DEREK
Is he strapped? (wanting to learn whether he has a gun or anything dangerous)
DANNY
Hunh? ( he understands but afraids he is trying to get what derek is gonna do)
DEREK
Does he have a fucking gun, Dan? (this time he asks clearly what he means)
DANNY
I'm not sure. (confused)
I used three different conversations cited from the serial of ‘Hayat Bilgisi’ from Show Tv to analyze the effects of statue differences on conversations on-goings by using the maxims of Leech and the politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson
----------------------------------
(I:INSPECTOR H:HEADMASTER)
I: İyi günler ben MEB müfettişlerinden Tahsin Özkök.
H: Öylemi iyi günler, iyi günler efendim. Bende bu okulun idari amiri Amil Sağlam oluyorum efendim. Lütfen buyrun,lütfen böyle buyurun efendim (he points out his own seat) .İstiraat buyurun efendim,buyurun. ( generosity maxim/positive politeness strategy)
I: Amil Bey biran önce sorusturmaya geçmek istiyorum. Biliyorsunuz yazdıgınız bir şikayet dilekçesi var. (positive politeness strategy)
H: Bilmez olur muyum, kendi ellerimle yazdım. Hatta tam bu elimle. ( agreement maxim)
I: Evet, okulunuz öğretmenlerinden Afet Güçverir hakkındaki şikayetlerinizi birde sizden dinleyelim.
H: Hay hay efendim, hayhay. Efendim Afet Güçverir okulumuza geldiği günden beri sistemli bir şekilde provokasyon yapıyor. ( generosity maxim)
I: Nasıl provokasyon?
H: Yani öğretmenleri öğrencilere , öğrencileri öğretmenlere karşı kışkırttı. Hatta bir ara beni de kışkırtmıştı.
I: Evet
H: Yani sanırım dış mihraplarla ilişkisi var.
I: Ne gibi mihraplar?
H: Her türlü. Okulun dışında onu acayip tuhaf insanlarla konuşurken gördüm.
I: Söyleyebileceğiniz daha somut bir şey var mı elinizde?
H: Var efendim olmaz olur mu? Gayet tabi var.Öğrencilerden rüşvet alırken kaç kere yakaladım. Rüşvet vermeyen öğrencilere hem kırık not veriyor,hem de dövüyordu. ( agreement maxim)
I: Yaaaaaaaaaa…
H: Ya ya efendim ya. Vah eşekliğimi mazur görün efendim size kahve söylemeyi unuttum. (a-generosity,b-modesty maxim)
-Ramazaaan en köpüklüsünden iki kahve al hemen buraya gel koşa koşa! ( bald-on record strategies)
------------------------------------
(T:TEACHER H:HEADMASTER)
H: (He enters the teachers’ room) Arkadaşlar, öncelikle yeni ders yılımız hepimize hayırlı ve uğurlu olsun.
T: Hepimize efendim. (positive politeness strategy)&( agreement maxim)
H: Evet arkadaşlar (waits for taking the special seat from a teacher). Bu yıl eğitim öğretim yılında da birbirimizle son derece uyumlu çalışacağımızdan eminim. Gördüğünüz gibi bazı arkadaşlarımızın tayini çıktı ama onların yerine yeni hocalarımız gelecek, bekliyoruz.
T: Hoca camide efendim. (negative politeness strategies)
H: Görüyorum ki sizin tayininiz çıkmamış Afet Hanım. Bu yıl da aramızdasınız,ne güzel!( a-off record,b-negative politeness strategies)
T: Her zaman görevimin başında olacağımdan hiç şürheniz olmasın efendim. (a-off record,b-negative politeness strategies)
H: Umarım bu yaz tatili sizi rahatlatmış, bütün gerginliğinizi almıştır. (off record)
T: Ben yaz tatilinden önce de gergi değildim efendim . (a-off record,b-negative politeness)
H: Değildiniz tabi değildiniz de hafif gerginimtrak davranışlarınız vardı.(agreement maxim)&( off record)
T: Ben hakedene hakettiği gibimtrak davranırım her zaman, ve bu hep böyle olacak. (a-off record,b-negative politeness strategies)
------------------------------------
(T:TEACHER S:STUDENT)
T:Aaa Gizem!
S: Şey öğrtmenim, ben de veda yapmak için sizi bekliyordum. (tact maxim)
T: Oooo Peki bir şey söyleyeceğim, arkadaşlarınla vedalaştın mı?
S: Yaaa tabiki Vedalaştım. Iııı öğrtmenim ben herşey herşey için çok,çok ama çok teşkür ederim bi de ben Almanyaya dönüyo diye çok çok mutluyum. (a-agreement maxim b- sympathy maxim)
T: Biliyorum Gizemcim biliyorum. ( agreement&sympathy maxim)
S: Ben de şeyi biliyorum, sizin için hiç iyi bir öğrenci olmadığımı biliyorum, Afet öğrtmenim.Yani ben çok hata yaptı,siz hep affetti,çok teşkür ederim. (a&b= modesty maxim)&(c= positive politeness)
T: İnsanlar hata yaparlar,mühim olan hatalarını farkedip bir daha yapmamaları. Ben seni çok seviyorum. (sympathy maxim& positive politeness strategy)
S: Gerçekten mi?
T: Evet .
S: Ben de sizi çok seviyorum öğrtmenim. (agreement&sympathy maxim)
T: Canım benim.(sympathy maxim)
S: Şey ben şimdi Almanyaya gidince bol bol mail yazıcam siz de bana okuyup cevap vereceksiniz, söz dimi öğrtmenim?
T: Bana mektup yazarsan ben daha mutlu olurum onları saklarım da. Anlaştık? (aggrement maxim&positive politeness strategy)
S: Olur o da olur. (agreement maxim)
T: Tamam her şey istediğin gibi olsun, hadi iyi yolculuklar. (agreement maxim)
1. Asım:Hadi ararım ben seni.
Kadın:Ya ararsın.Locution (Speech act:Acknowledgements—accepting—redirect focus)
Illocution: She implies that he will not call her again as he made beforehand.
(Speech act:Constative—disagreeing)
Perlocution:He realizes she is right and he softens the atmosphere by laughing ang acepting the situation.
Asım: Aramıyor muyum yani..Aramıyorum dimi
2. Süpermen:Asım abi ben yapamam.
Asım:Ne yapamazsın?
Süpermen:Ne yapıyorsanız onu yapamam. Locution (Speech act:Constative—reporting)
Illocution: He does not want to join to theft as it is illegal.That is, he does not approve it. (Speech
act: Constative--refusing)
Perlocution:The face expression of Asım changes and he annoys him by saying “Yapamazsın.Sen gider
intihar edersin!”
Asım:Yapamazsın!Sen gider intihar edersin! .Locution (Speech act:Representatives—affirming)
Illocution:The sentence means that Superman can not make theft as he is not able to be comedy actor
İn a success way and he chooses the easiest way by trying suicide .According to Asım; choosing suicide without trying different ways is a nonsense event that weak people do. (Speech act:Expressive—downgrading)
Perlocution:Superman does not say anything.
3.Kız:Selam..Ben geldim..
Baba:Gel kızım.
Anne:Geldi zaten.
Baba:Nasıl?
Anne:Zaten gelmiş birine gel kızım diyorsun.Hep yapıyorsun sen bunu. Locution (Speech act:
Constatives—informing)
Illocution:While the father uses the meaning of “come” in terms of “welcome” in context, mother claims
That it is used in terms of calling somebody.She expresses he uses it wrongly.For father, it is quite normal
as he uses usually it in that way.(She thinks the word as sentence-meaning, not utterance meaning)
(Speech act:Constative—disagreeing)
Perlocution:The woman annoys a bit to this situation as he does not agree with her.
Baba:Neyi?
Anne:Bunu işte.Hoşgeldin diyeceğine gel kızım diyorsun.
Baba:Bugüne kadar bende bulduğun en tuhaf kusurlardan bence.
-- Asım shadows through binoculars.Meanwhile, Superman and his friend are near of him.
4.Asım:Ev biraz riskli gibi; çünkü son rezaletimizden sonra bir koruma var.Okulu mu denesek acaba?
Süpermen:Bi dakka, bi dakka ne yapıyorsunuz siz?Bu kadar yasadışı olduğunuzu düşünmemeştim.
Asım:Yaa..Ne kadar yasadışı olduğumuzu düşünmüştün? Locution (Speech act:Directives—asking)
Illocution:According to Asım; there is no problem in theft as he makes to this occupation in a happy
way and he does not want to be accused by somebody in this way. (Speech act:Expressive—
humiliating)
Perlocution:superman answers to this question with uncomfortable feeling.
Süpermen:En azından küçücük bir çocuğu kaçıracak kadar şey olduğunuzu düşünmemiştim.
5.Asım:Sahibinden satılık.
Süpermen:Nedir o?
Asım:Önce gazeteye ilan veririz.Müşteriye gideriz.Ne istiyorsa çalarız ve kendisine satarız.
Süpermen:Oto hırsızlığı yani.
Asım:Evet ama benim anlattığım şekli daha güselLocution (Speech act:Constative—answering)
: Illocution:Asım wants to hint that there is a procedure in his narration as the other jobs and in this way;
it has more positive meaning than the expression of Superman. (Speech act:Constative—claming)
5.Asım:Ee Süpermen, araba noldu?
Süpermen:Her şeyde anlaştık, parayı yarın alıyorum.
Asım:Araba nerde?
Süpermen:Müşteride.
Asım:Para nerde?
Süpermen:Yarın vercekler.
Asım:Araba nerde? Locution (Speech act: Directives—asking)
Illocution:Asım asks the questions repeatedly as there is no car in that moment and Superman has
gived it to client as free although they have already thieves.That is, it is an impossible situation for
thieves. (Speech act:Expressive—annoying)
Perlocution:Superman changes the topic by telling his name in a right way.
Süpermen:Müşteride.
Asım:Para nerde?
Süpermen:Yarın vercekler.
Asım:Oğlum ben zaten çalıyorum lan!Bunun daha veresiyesimi olur.Bizim normal hıyarların yapmadı-
ğını Superman yapıor yaa..
ARZU ENGİN 3231040029
CRASH
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Is everyone in Los Angeles racist?
“Crash” would say everyone everywhere is racist,and admitting it is the first step toward dealing with.Written and directed by Paul Haggis,the new “Crash” seems,at first, like a retiration of the themes in the David Cronenberg “Crash” which used colliding cars as an extreme example of benumbed people reaching out to each other.
Early in this “Crash”, a character played by Don Cheadle suggests, “We miss (touching other people) so much that we crash into each other so we can feel something”.
It soon becomes apparent the real problem for all the characters in “Crash” is race: A hostile socialite (Sandra Bullock) thinks every person of color will rob her, an embittered cop (Matt Dillon) stops motorists simply because they are black, a well-to-do African-American couple (Terrence Howard, Thandi Newton) argues about how black they are, a detective (Cheadle) worries he has turned his back on his community. Even the 12-people-in-a-huge-city-who-keep-running-into-each-other thing works for the movie. The idea is that even a big city is smaller than it seems. The planet is tiny “Crash” argues, and the differences between us insignificant.
Discourse 1
There are two friends who know each other and have similar culture. They have many common points but most significant similarness is their black. After thay had a café experience, they went out and Anthony flies out the door, Peter just, one step behind him. They are in their early ,young hip ,well dressed black men ,friends since third grade.
Anthony: You see any white people in there waiting an hour and thirty two minutes for a plate of spaghetti? Huh? And how many cups of coffee did we get?
If you do not know the setting of speakers ,there can be obscurity of expression (manner) in the first sentence and the second one.The sentences of Anthony look relevant because they are all about eating or drinking. Because in the first sentence he mentions how many minutes he was waiting and he does not wait for an answer in the second sentence,he changes the subject to another aspect.He makes reference to racism in the first sentence but in the second he comes up to the their specific event of eating and drinking.
Peter: You don’t drink coffee and I didn’t want any.
The quantity is satisfying,he is as informative as is reguired and relevant to Anthony’s question.
Anthony: That woman poured cup after cup to every white person around us. Did she even ask you if you wanted any?
He gives enough supporting background information for his latter question,so he is good at quantity and his sentences are relevant to the conversation.
Peter:We didn’t get any coffee that you didn’t want and I didn’t order and this is the evidence racial discrimination?Did you happen to notice our waitress was black?
Again Peter supports what he says by giving example and explanation so he is informative.(quantity)He gives enough evidence so he behaves suitably to the maxim of the quality.
Anthony:And black women don’t think in stereotypes?When’s the last time you met one who did not think she knew everything about your lazy as before you even opened your mouth?That waitress sized up in two waste her time;someone like that,nothing you can do to change their mind.
Anthony gives extra but unnecassary information because he “discusses” so he should support himself (quantity).He looks thruthful,he does not seems as if he hesitates about this idea (quality) and the answers are relevant.
Peter: So how much you leave her?
Despite Anthony’s long explanation on discrimination,Peter just picks up a specific sentence of Anthony,he is not relevant to the discussion that Anthony makes holisticly (the problem of Maxim of Relation)
Anthony: You expect me to pay for that kinda service?
With Peter’s question,there comes a new dimension of speech and Anthony answers to Peter’s question relevantly (Maxim of relation).He does not give a direct answer to Peter’s question,he gives answer with a new question,there can be a problem of understanding what he implies.(quantity)
Peter laughs;Anthony does not.The couple Rick&Jean Cabot step out of the Blockbuster.
Anthony: You see what that woman just did?
Actually he does not explain what he means by asking this question,I mean he does not specify “that reaction”,there can be violation of manner for listeners and readers.
Peter: She is cold,man.
He gives a relevant answer to Anthony.The answer is short but informative.(quantity)
Anthony: She got colder soon as she saw us.
He continues supporting himself,he is relevant but he implies and he does not explain what he means and so he violates maxim of quantity.
Peter:--Here it comes.
Here Peter is cooperative but unclear to some extend (the problem of maxim of manner)
Anthony: Look around!You colud not find a whiter,safer or better lit part of this city.But this woman sees two black guys,who look like UCLA students,strolling down the sidewalk and her reaction is blind fear.I mean,look at us!Are we dressed like gangbangers? Do we look threatening?No,fact,if anybody sholud be scared,it is us:the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people,patrolled by the trigger happy LAPD.So,why are not we scared?
Anthony gives unnecassary information,he could not shortly say “Are we dressed like gangbangers?”.He is more informative than is required (The problem of quantity).He is thruthful because he could support himself.
Peter:Because we have guns?
He gives an unrelevant answer but he creates a witty answer for Anthony’s question.
Anthony: You could be right.
It is also a relevant answer.Through the conversation,we can say the two speakers are cooperative with each other.
Discourse 2 In car hip-hop music is on.Anthony drives car and Peter is sitting near him.
Anthony:Hey,hey,hey,hey..Şu sıkıcı müziği dinlemeye devam edeceksen benim için sorun yok.
It is entring sentence,maxim of quantity is good because he gives reason.
Peter: Sen nasıl bir insansın ki hip-hop müziğine sıkıcı diyorsun.
The answer is relevant with the beginnig sentence.
Anthony:Beni dinlesene dostum,”zenci şöyle,zenci böyle,zenci öyle”Birbirine beyaz diyen insanlara rastladın mı hiç?Hey beyaz işler nasıl gidiyor?İşler süper pudra kafalı uğraşıyoruz işte.
He is informative and supports himself by giving examples so we can say that he is thruthful. (quality)
Peter:Buna ne dersin,buna ne dersin ha!(He changes the music) Al dinle,zencileri linç etmekten bahsediyor.
He makes reference to the racism in his sentence,his reaction is relevant with the topic behind the dialogue.(maxim of relation)He does not give example about how the song represents racism clearly so he violates maxim of manner.
Anthony: Arada bir fark sanıyorsun ha!
He is relevant but not so informative on his comment.
Peter: (He begins to sing) Kendime bir ip alıp zencileri linç edicemmm...
Unrelevance sentence,cooperation desreases.
Anthony: Hip hop müziğinin nerden çıktığını bilmiyorsun değil mi?
He insists on explaining that hip-hop music consists of insulting black people,he is sure about his knowledge on hip-hop and he tries to be understood better.(quality)
Peter: (He still sings)Önce vururdum ama silahımın tetiği kırılmış...
He is still irrelevant,there is no cooperation with his friend.
Anthony: ...60’lı yıllarda kafası çalışan kardeşlerimiz vardı----
He clarifies himself by giving exact time time and information (quality) but much detailed.(the problem of quantity)He is relevant to his previous sentence.
Peter:----Çıkarıp çarşafı takıcammmm....----
No cooperation still.
Anthony:---Boby Cyldy,Elder Klyn,Fred Hamsten....----
He still tries to support himself by giving exact names,he is thruthful and relevant.(quality-quantity)
Peter:...Kendisini asıcam güzelce...---
No cooperation,no relevance.
Anthony: .....Bu kardeşlerimiz konuşunca insanlar dinlerlerdi...---
There are so many details,we can not understand what is the relation between subject and this explanation.(The problem of quantity-the problem of relevance)
Peter:...Hepsi ölecek böyleceeee...---
No cooperation.
Anthony:Sonra FBI,hayır!Buna göz yumamayız biz.
He is irrelevant,not clear because we do not have information about the relation between FBI and hip-hop,there is obscurity of expression.(manner)
Peter:...Korkusuzlar ülkesi,özgürlükler diyarııı...---
Still singing,no cooperation.
Anthony:...Biliyorum,biliyorum zencilere bu mırıldanan salakların yaptığı müziği kakalıyalım dediler--- He brings a conclusion but still so detailed.(problem of quantity) but relevant with his previous sentences.
Peter:...Özgürlükler diyarı...----
No cooperation,relevance.
Anthony:Çok geçmez taklit ederler ve böylece hiç bi dedikleri anlaşılmaz zaten,ki o zamanda sorun kalmaz...
He goes on explaining but we can not be sure about what he means exactly,they are not so clear.(manner)
Peter:...Özgürlük....ha ha ha....
Then their car hits a man.
Still going on being uncooperative
Discourse 3 The conversation is between lawyer of public prosecutor and dedective.The lawyer tries to come to a concensus with the dedective about a murder’s(Lous) innocence.
Lawyer:Parayı kim biliyor?
Because we do not know all the situation,we could not say anything about thruthfulness or the clarity of the sentence but I can say it is informative enough to understand,I mean we can understand what the question means but we do not have any background about this subject so we could not understand exact meaning.
Dedective:Alay mı ediyorsun?
It is surely an irrelevance answer,he directs another question rather than giving answer of the question(relation) and we could not understand why he says such that and if there is really a situation which can be made fun of.He does not any explanation or extra detail about why he shows this reaction,why he asks this question.(maxim of quantity)It is not clear.
Lawyer:Burada sadece biz varız!
Again we meet an irrelevance answer,he gives an unappropriate answer.They are again not as informative as is required,because the answer is not clear enough,we could not understand what deep meaning of this sentence is and the aim of the speaker.There is also an ambiquity in this sentence because the mean of the sentence “Burada sadece biz varız” can mean that you can relax and speak freely or you have to give information what you know.It can be a threat or suggestion.(The problem of maxim of manner)
Dedective:Ben,ortağım bir de iç işlerinden Ferganz.
There is a cooperation between them.Although they show different reactions and ask relevance questions,they return to the main topic.It gives enough information to us.
Lawyer:Jim Ferganz mı?
He tries to understand exactly which Ferganz he is.It is relevance to other’s sayings and there is also cooperation between them.
Dedective:Evet.
Cooperation is going on.
Lawyer:Tamam,tamam sorun çıkacağını sanmıyorum,araba Lous’in değilse sadece para suç işlediğini göstermez.Aksi olsa bile ölü birini yargılayamayız,iç işlerindeki para kanıt olarak gösterilemez.
Lawyer’s aim is to show that Lous is innocent and he can tell the situation,extra details but not so much,so he is informative enough but he does not seem sure about Lous’s innocence so he tries to prove by saying the points but he seems that he says these for which he lacks adequate evidence so there is a violation of maxim of quality.
Dedective:Bak bu oyunu istediğin gibi oynayabilirsin ama bahse girerimki yarın otopsi raporu geldiğinde dedektif Lous’in kokain aldığı öğrenilecek.
When we read the answer,we can say what it is and what relation is,Lawyer makes an explnation and at first it seems us so irrelevance but dedective deals with the situation in a different way.The subject is still on Lous’s innocence but he shows another perspective of the situation so in a sense it is relevance however he is not clear enough about Lous’s taking cocain,that is we can not understand his intention,it is not clear whether taking cocain is a crime or not and makes Lous quilty so he violates the maxim of quantity.
Lawyer:Ah..Lanet zenciler..
This reaction exactly decrases the cooperation between them.
Dedective:Ne dedin sen?!
They are out of the subject at this moment.Dedective tried to understand what the lawyer said,may be,he could not believe what he heard.
Lawyer:Yani bak,sosyolojik nedenlerden dolayı zenci mahkumların daha fazla olduğunun farkındayım.O bunların yüz karası,fırsat eşitliği,yargıdaki taraflılık,bunların hepsini biliyorum,doğru ama yinede insan kızıyor,gerçek şu ki zencilerde kendilerini tutamıyorlar işte ve ikimizde gerçeği biliyoruz ama oyunun kuralı bu değil mi?Ve Lous gibi pislikler yangına körükle gidiyor ve bu da sinir bozucu...
He is more informative than is required,he gives many details and many examples(quantity)However the explanation is irrelevance to main topic,he tells general ideas of people and his own idea for black people,but he seems to forget Lous’s subject and he is still out of main topic(problem of maxim of relation).He uses so irrelevance,unnecessary sentences and it is not clear what he actually means,for example he say “O bunların yüz karası”,We could not understand what he means by using “he”,who he is.When we look at all his sentences,we can see the obscruty of expression of him.There is a violation of maxim of manner.
Dedective:Savcı için ne yaptım demiştin?
His sentence is so irrelevance to the other’s sayings.There is no cooperation between dedective’s sentence and the other’s.There is a problem of maxim of relation and again maxim of manner,beacuse we could not understand clearly what he means with this sentence.
Lawyer:Konton’da koçtun değil mi?
They are completely out of the topic now.They begin to give irrelevance answers to each other.They disconnect the main topic.We could not understand the relation.Their sentence are not informative enough to explain the situation.
Dedective:Ah lütfen..Bunu yapma,hakkımda bişey biliyormuş gibi yapma!
His answer is relevance to Lawyer’s question (maxim of relation)and his sentence is clear.After this sentence,we can see Lawyer’s intention in asking of that question.
The conversation includes unclear and irrelevant sentences.
ÖZLEM GÜVENER 3231040082
Ahh hocam çok üzgünüm sanırım yanlış anladım ödevimin hepsini göndermişim ama sanırım bunu da kabul edersiniz.Kendinize iyi bakın Mutlu kalınn
ÖZLEM GÜVENER
DISCPURSE 1
The Judge read the part related to carrying out the punishment:
“1888 senesi 28 eylülünde…Cinayet mahkemesince jüri kararına ve kanuni cezanın 77’ncimaddesi hükmüne göre otuz yaşında bulunan rençber Simon KARTENKIN’ in ve yirmi yedi yaşında bulunan Katrin MASLOVA adlı kadının medeni hukuk haklarını kaybetmesine ve Kartenkin’in sekiz sene, Maslova’nın dört sene süreyle küreğe ve kırk üç yaşında bulunan Öfemya BOÇKOVA adlı kadının medeni hukuktan yasaklanmasına ve üç sene boyunca hapse mahkumiyetine karar verilmiştir.”
DİSCORSE 2
The Judge: Simon KARTENKİN, kalkınız!
The Judge:İsminiz nedir?
The man:Simon KARTENKİN.
The Judge: Mesleğiniz?
The man: Rençber.
The Judge: Hangi ilin hangi kazasından?
The man: Tula ilinin Karapi Venk Kazasında Borki kasabasından.
The Judge: Kaç yaşındasınız?
The man: Otuz dört.
The Judge: Mezhebiniz?
The man:Rus Ortodoks.
The Judge: Evli misiniz?
The man: Hayır.
The Judge: Ne ile uğraşıyorsunuz?
The man:Otel Moritonya’da çalışıyorum.
The Judge: Şimdiye kadar hiç mahkum oldunuz mu?
The man: Hayır, hiçççç!...!
The Judge:Siz oturunuz.
DISCOURSE 3
The prince: Şunu da bildirmeliyim ki,artık bu devrede jüri olarak bulunmayacağım.
The public prosecutor:Siz de bilirsiniz k, bunun için mahkemeye yeterli ve hareketinizin sebeplerini açıklayıcı bir gerekçe bildirmel isiniz.
Prince: Bu sebepler basittir; ben mahkemenin kararlarını yalnız faydasız değil, ahlaksız da buluyorum.
Public prosecutor: Olabilir…Siz de biliyorsunuz ki, bu şekildeki değerlendirmelere bir savcı katılmaz.Bu düşüncelerinizi mahkemeye bildirirsiniz, karar yalnız onundur
The prince: Oraya artık ayağımı atmayacağımı söyledim.
The public prosecutor: O halde size saygılarımı tekrarlamaktan başka yapacak bir şeyim yoktur.
ÖZLEM KIRMIZI 3231040008
özlem canım saol ya ne güzel göndermişsn ödevimi tebrik ederim:)Abi bu ne ya sadece discourse'ları göndermişsn yorumlr nerde rezil ettin beni neyse ki gördm!Napalm yollucz bidaha (geberticm seni)HERKESE İİ TATİLLER DİLİYORUM BYESSS ÖZLEM K.
GRICEAN MAXIMS
“Make your conversational contribution such as required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged “Grice (1975 : 26)
v Maxim of Quantity:
v Make your contribution as informative as is required(for the current purposes of the exchange)
v Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Ø Maxim of Quality:
v Try to make your contribution one that is true:
v Do not say what you belive to be false
v Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Ø Maxim of Relation:
§ Be relevant
· Maxim of Manner:
¨ Avoid obscurity of expression
¨ Avoid ambiguity
¨ Be brief
¨ Be orderly.
It is necessary to bear in mind that Grice’s Notion of utterance is much broader than the linguists’ definition of the term.(Strawson 1964)
Words mean and refer,but what is more impoartan ,people mean and refer by using these words in conversation.In my opinion communication becomes succesful not only when the adresse understands the meaning of the utterance but when he/she infers the spearker’s meaning from it.Consequently, I believe that Griciean Maxims are inevitable parts of a conversation.They have significant roles fort the regularity and order of it.For an effective,efficient and healthy communication we should utilize Grice Maxims.As we know uncontrolled potency is not energy.To be aware of what i mean and what i can mean i have preferred to research on this subject.I benefit from some extracts from turkish movies called “PARDON” , “HABABAM SINIFI” ,”HANZO”
(1) E FROM PARDON
Police: PKK LIMISIN? (Manner Maxim)
*Suspect:HAYIR !ANKARALIYIM.(Quantity Maxim)-(Quality Maxim)
Police: KÜRTMÜSÜN?(Manner Maxim)
*Suspect:HAYIR !ÇERKEZİM.(Quantity Maxim)-(Quality Maxim)
Police: KİMLERDENSİN?
*Suspect:ŞATIROĞULLARI DERLER!(Quantity Maxim)
Police:HANGİ ÖRGÜTTENSİN ONU SORUYORUM.(Quantity Maxim)
BANA KERİZ NUMARASI YAPMA
*Suspect:Bİ NUMARA YAPTIĞIM YOK O KERİZLİK BENDE DOĞUŞTAN BERİ VAR HİÇBİR ÖRGÜTLE İLGİM YOK BENİ ADAMDAN SAYIP ALICAK ÖRGÜTE ZATEN BEN GİRMEM O ÖRGÜT İBRAHİM’E KALDIYSA ÖRGÜT BİLE SAYILMAZ
(Embedded Sequence)
In terms of MANNER MAXIM It is really difficult to tell that he is clear what he means!The questions in interrogation are completely suitable to the complex but it can bring about different meanings because we have great difficulty in understanding his real intention so Police Officer uses ambiguity unconcsciously and at the end he realizes the misunderstanding and directly asks what he means saying: “Which illegal assosiation do you support?But as we know it doesn’t mean to live in Eastern Turkey is to support it.Police violates Manner maxim creating the possibilty of different possible meanings in people’s mind.
In terms of quantITY MAXIM The Suspect just tells what he is reqired to explain.He gives enough needed information in order to cut short the conversation.He doesn’t mention about extra detailed information.He is totally faithful to Quantity Maxim.His sentences aren’t against the principles and procedure of this kind of maxim.
In terms of quaLITY MAXIM Suspect is in the absence of proving what he claims about answers!He says he is from Ankara and he is Çerkez;but in this kind of maxim if he alleges sth he should have sufficient justifications to get police officer belive in him by presenting reasonable and sensible proofs.It isn’t rational just to say “I am this/that…..”consequently,he violates the Quality Maxim.
****And the Embedded Sequence is parallel to the general flow of the context by adding the suspects’ own thoughts.It doesn’t violate or change general content.
(2)EFROM BOMBACI MULAYIM
Doctor: Adın ne bakıyım? (Quantity Maxim)----- Just asks necessary question
Patient:Mülayim SERT (Quantity Maxim)------ Just answers question.
Doctor: Demek sensin ha vah yavrum vah vah evladım kaç yaşındasın?
Patient:32 göstermiyorum değil mi?
Doctor: Ailende önemli hastalık geçiren var mı? (Quantity Maxim)1**
Patient:Hastalıktan ölen yok efendim rahmetli babam 93 yaşında
(**1Quantity&Quality&**2Relevance Maxim)-------→→Firstly,patient gives needed knowledge saying that there is no death because of sickness this explanation is for question.Secondly doctor makes a guess depending on the proof on his hand “age of father”Thirdly,content completely changes from the theme of death to private life of his grandfather this isn’t suitable for Relevance Maxim.Doctor waits to hear sth about health problem; it creates a irrelavance about topic!People generally dont prefer sharing their own personal things with other as long as they dont have to.
Doctor: Vefat etti öyle mi? (Quantity Maxim)
Patient:Hayır efendim 9.karıya nikah kıydı. **2(Relevant Maxim)
Doctor: Evladım benim de senin yaşında oğlum var sana bakınca onu hatırlıyorum nasıl söyliyim bilmiyorum yüreğim yanıyor.
Patient:Söyle söyle benden laf çıkmaz!
Doctor: Raporlar tahliller kesinlikle belirtiyor evladım ne çare sonu ölüm (Quality Maxim)------→Doctor makes a decision dependig on the reports and analysis It is reasonable to claim about sb’s death with proofs and evidence.Consequently doctor doesn’t violate Quality maxim he doesn’t make any comments that doesn’t depend on medical information he is completely realist in what he says.
Patient:Vah vah çaresi yok mu hiç?
Doctor: Yok oğlum en fazla 6 ay sonra kara toprak (Quantity Maxim)-----→Again required information.It is neither too much nor too little.
Patient:Hain felek 6 ay ne ki!Kuyruğa girip 2 paket sana bile alamazsın hadi aldın ya gaz kuyruğuna nasıl yetişeceksin 6 sene olsa eh! (Relevance Maxim)----------→Normallly patient must be depressed and have a great shock;but he complains about social and economical hardships in the country.He accuses destiny although he should have mentioned the remedies of this illness.This sentence violates the Relevance Maxim.Context and the conversation aren’t harmonious.They are irrelevant.
Patient:Can çıkmayınca umut çıkmaz oğlunu çok seviyorsun değil mi? (Manner Maxim)------→Here is a Great ambiguity he tries to console and comfort the doctor.He isnt aware that the real patient is himself.Thoug doctor tries to get him to realize the situation,he thinks doctor compares himself with his own son.The source of obscurity isnt doctor his intention is to mention the reality in a gentle and soft way!
Doctor: Ben oğluma değil sana yanıyorum evladım sana. (Manner maxim)---------→→Doctor perceives possible ambiguity.
Patient:Benim neyim var ki bu kadar üzülecek
Doctor: Çok hastasın evladım deminden beri sana bunu söylemeye çalışıyorum 6 ay sonra ölüceksin! (Quantity Maxim)-------→Doctor realizes he still has difficulty in understandg and decides to say directly.This doesn’t violate Quantity Maxim. Doctor says all the realities.
Patient:7 ay olmaz mı? bir şeyler yap be doktor.Boşver idare et hadi açıktan bir binlik çalışır ha! (Relevance Maxim)
--------→This sentence is completely unsuitable for relevance maxim it creates a irrelevance.Patient talsks as if a tradesman.He bargains with doctor even proposes to bribe.
(3) E FROM HABABAM SINIFI
TEACHER: YOKLAMA YAPTIN MI? (Quantity Maxim)
STUDENT: YAPTIM HOCAM (Quantity Maxim)-------→Here is the starting sentence of the lesson and there is no deep meaning or illocution perspective.Student just gives as much information as needed and no more.
TEACHER:FERİD BURDA MI FERİD?.İYİİ SEN BURDAYSAN BÜTÜN SINIF BURADA DEMEKTİR. (QUALITY MAXIM)--------→.Teacher gives information that is supported by evidence.Ferid is his biggest proof and depending on him he makes his claim.This doesn’t violate Quality Maxim.
TEACHER: MEMELİ HAYVANLAR KARADA , DENİZDE , HAVADA YAŞARLAR BİRRR ; AKCİĞERLERİNDEN SOLUNUM YAPARLAR İKİİİ ; DİŞLERİNDE SÜTLERİ VARDIRR ÜÇÇÇÇ BAZILARI ETLE BAZILARI OTLA BESLENİRLER (QUANTITY MAXIM)--------→Teacher tries to be as informative as one possibly can.It is totally relevant with this kind of maxim.It is clear that the knowledge is neither too little nor too much therefore it is compatible with it.There is no violation.
TEACHER: ŞABAN SEN SÖYLE NEYLE BESLENİR MEMELİLER? (MANNER MAXIM)------------→ Teacher isn’t totally perspicuous.It seems as if there is a problem in clarity.Consequently it can cause ambiguity.
STUDENT: AĞIZLARIYLA BESLENİRLER EFENİM (MANNER MAXIM)--------→ Because of grammatical unclearness student just perceives the locution meaning (the act of uttering) He comprehends question in a wrong way.Teacher violates manner maxim.
TEACHER: ONU SORMADIK NE YERLER (MANNER MAXIM)-------→
Teacher repeats his question with his own intention again in order to impede possible misunderstandings Teacher wants to renovate question to become harmonious with manner maxim to provide clearity.
STUDENT: NE BULURLARSA YERLER EFENİM ÇOK PİS BOĞAZ OLUR BUNLAR ET-OT- SEBZE YERLER (QUANTITY MAXIM)---------→Student gives a lof of needless,pointless and unnecessary knowledge.It violates quantity maxim.
TEACHER:FERİD UÇAN MEMELİLERE ÖRNEK VER
STUDENT:MM HOSTES (RELEVANCE MAXIM)-------→Student doesn’t try to be relevant and says things that aren’t pertinent to the discussion.It violates relevance maxim
It is clear from the samples that people usually violate Grice Maxims in order to be humorous and imply something what is being intended.As long as we keep away from uncessary violations of these maxims we can impede misunderstandings.And arises the opportunity of interacting more suitably.
I can express that this assigment has made me to evaluate the matters from a wide angle with other possoble alternatives.The words and utterances that go out from our mouth are just like the iceberg! In fact they are so deep and detailed that we must be very careful while using language especially our mother tangue Turkish which can be interpreted wrongly.
Remember TRT speaker while presenting the weather report
“Hepinize donsuz geceler”
JJJJJJJVictim of Turkish.
All in all,i have learned the power of words.This was a tiring but at the same time enjoyable and pleasant working.
Thanks a lot for your great help of giving a whole-understanding of language.Thanks for guiding us for our research , using blogger , utilizing media-competence,making us feeling like ChomskyJJ.
REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gricean_maxim
www.eyelab.msu.edu./people/paul/JML-05-88.pdf-
www.reference.com/Gricean_Maxim
www.youtube/izlesene.com
www.google.com/post-gricean developments
ABDULKERİM MUT
3231040130
3-B
PRAGMATICS
DISCOURSE 1
The Judge read the part related to carrying out the punishment:
“1888 senesi 28 eylülünde…Cinayet mahkemesince jüri kararına ve kanuni cezanın 77’ncimaddesi hükmüne göre otuz yaşında bulunan rençber Simon KARTENKIN’ in ve yirmi yedi yaşında bulunan Katrin MASLOVA adlı kadının medeni hukuk haklarını kaybetmesine ve Kartenkin’in sekiz sene, Maslova’nın dört sene süreyle küreğe ve kırk üç yaşında bulunan Öfemya BOÇKOVA adlı kadının medeni hukuktan yasaklanmasına ve üç sene boyunca hapse mahkumiyetine karar verilmiştir.”
Here, there is a performative verb(karar verilmiştir) and this performative verb shows us that the Judge performed an act with his words at the sama time. When he said ”It is agreed that……..,” he is not reporting a punishment, he is creating a new situation also.That is I want to say that he is not merely utter this sentence, he is also doing something.At the moment he uttered the sentence, it turned out to be a different situation. Now, there are people who are called “guilty”. The Judge created a new social environment through his words. Before his declaration, the accused were innocent (at least not guilty)people who were waiting for sentence, but after the declaration, they immediately took the name of “guilty”. In this discourse, the speech act function is declarative.As we know from our linguistics courses, declaratives are speech acts, when uttered, bring about a new state of being.For example; the declarative “I now pronounce you husband and wife” changes the status of the couple.They get a new social identity as soon as the sentence is uttered.The same situation is here, in my discourse.
As Austin said :”Uttering certain words, in the appropriate circumstances, by and to the appropriate people constitutes doing something.In fact, there are a few opportunities for us to use declaratives(performatives).They are attached to a particular role in a particular script. In my discourse, we can see this clearly.There are certain people(judge, jury, the accused members and so on…) and a certain environment(court).The script is so formal.Declaratives entail specialrole requirements.That is, the person who utters a declarative must have the power to do so.In my discourse, for instance, the judge had the power to declare the punishment and so he did something. In the same way, to declare a marriage, the person must be a priest; to declare a punishment, the person must be a judge; or to declare that someone is fired, the person must be a boss; to declare a class is dismiised, a person must be a teacher and so on… In short,they must be authorized persons, not ordinary ones.
DİSCOURSE 2
The Judge: Simon KARTENKİN, kalkınız!
*There is a speech act here.The speech function is directive.In directives, a request is being made so that someone will do or stop doing something.There are a wide range of possible structures fort he directive function:Here, there is a polite, at the same time a formal imperative usage for directive function.Normally, there is a possibility of refusal if we make a request, but here, there is no chance for this.The speaker is more powerful and the adresse is more subordinate.(higher status-high imposition-low imposition).At the moment the judge said”You stand up”, the person had to obey him.So, the environment and the power relations are important to analyze a discourse according to pragmatics.If our friend says this sentence to us, w emay refuse him/her due to the fact that we are familiar equals(status equal).But, in this discourse, obeying to the speaker is a must,there is a hierarchical relation.In this way, we got the point that, power relations play a big role in our conversations.
I want to underline the fact that imperatives are seldom used in conversations to command or request.In certain situations, they are used.For instance; in the sentence ”You stand up” is used in a courtroom, by a judge.So, this imperative sentence fulfils its function(command, request).
The Judge:İsminiz nedir?
Here, again there is a speech act and its function is directive.The structure fort he directive function is polite, formal imperative.As I expressed before, in pragmatics, there is a Notion relating to the use of language to do things.When we focus on what people use language to do, we focus on what e person is doing with words in particular situations; we focus on the intentions, purposes, beliefs, and desires that a speaker has in speaking.Here, there is a formal environment.Although the Judge knows the man’s name ,he is asking his name.In a way, he tries to adapt himself to the situation.He is just asking to ask, there is no aim,no intend in his speaking. He follows some formal procedures, there is no meaningful cooperation.This doesn’t comply with the pragmatics.
The man:Simon KARTENKİN.
The Judge: Mesleğiniz?
The man: Rençber.
The Judge: Hangi ilin hangi kazasından?
The man: Tula ilinin Karapi Venk Kazasında Borki kasabasından.
The Judge: Kaç yaşındasınız?
The man: Otuz dört.
The Judge: Mezhebiniz?
The man:Rus Ortodoks.
The Judge: Evli misiniz?
The man: Hayır.
The Judge: Ne ile uğraşıyorsunuz?
The man:Otel Moritonya’da çalışıyorum.
The Judge: Şimdiye kadar hiç mahkum oldunuz mu?
The man: Hayır, hiçççç!...!
The Judge:Siz oturunuz.
I wanted to explain my discourse sentence by sentence, but as you see ,the dialogue is full of the same speech act function(directive).So, I had to make a general explanation .Asking and answering process is going on in a formal way during the dialogue.Here, I had better make clear this point:The answers and the questions are very clear ,no ambiguity is there.They are short, as well.That’s why it is not possible to talk about a real life communication.The reason of this,no doubtedly, is that the court context and the power relations dominant in such conversations.
Lastly,I want to say some things about the following sentence:
*Hayır, hiççç!...!
There is a conversational implicature here.The man, in fact, wants to give a message to the hearer(the Judge).When he says:”No,never,” perhaps he tries to show his innocence in this way.There is a different meaning hiden in the sentence.To my opinion, he stresses the fact that he is not guilty through the word ‘ never ‘.There is an illocutionary act(requesting) in the sentence.Illocutionary act means the speaker’s intenttion?What does he/she mean by this?What is his/her intend in saying this?
Here, saying”no, never,..”, the man, in fact, tried to prove that he was never sentenced, and now he is again innocent, so the court must set him free.Inn short, he requested to be released in a sense.He wanted to say more than his sentence.He moved into a non-literal meaning implicating his being innocent.
And at the end, saying “You sit down”,the Judge put an end to the conversation by one sentence.In fact, the end of normal conversations consists of a pre-closing sequence, but here there is not a pre-closing sequence, only a direct closing sequence with one sentence.It is so formal because of the context (the court context).As I stated at the beginning ,the conversation is not like a real life communication.
DISCOURSE 3
The prince: Şunu da bildirmeliyim ki,artık bu devrede jüri olarak bulunmayacağım.
There is a direct expression here.The prince is uttering directly what he wants to say.His sentence is so clear,there is no ambiquity.Communication is likely to be a literal and direct one.when we communicate directly,we perform just one communicative act;and when we communicate literally,what we say is complied with what we mean.In direct strategy,the hearer is to recognize the speaker’s utterance,which meaning of the expression is intended on this occasion and what is that the speaker is referring to.In this sentence, for example, “bu devrede” can create an ambiguity for the hearer.The speech function is declerative,but at the same time expressive .Prince declares not to become a jury member anymore saying”bulunmayacağım”. He performs an act with his remark.Besides, he tries to show his feelings about the court that he is dis contented with it .That he said this sentence can leave the hearer(the public prosecutor) in ambiguity if he doesn’t know the context.Shortly, we can infer both meanings from the sentence.He is either giving information about the situation, or he is just uttering this sentence to reveal his being disconted with the court, the two meanings can be infered,also.
The public prosecutor:Siz de bilirsiniz k, bunun için mahkemeye yeterli ve hareketinizin sebeplerini açıklayıcı bir gerekçe bildirmel isiniz.
Here, the sentence is a direct expression as in the one the prince said above.There is a polite directive as speech function.The public prosecutor is formal as much as he is polite.By saying this sentence, in fact, he wants to say that: ” This is not my responsibility, te reference you must apply to is not me.He tries to get rid of the responsibility.In this sentence, we see the effects of power relations on conversations again.The public prosecutoris so polite and calm in spite of the fact that he is an authorized person.The reason of that, of course, the one he is talking to is a prince.They are in equal status.Power relation decreases due to the their being familiar equals.Both are so polite to each other for this reason.T o conclude ; the sentence has menings (non-literal) meanings we can make inferences from the context.
Prince: Bu sebepler basittir; ben mahkemenin kararlarını yalnız faydasız değil, ahlaksız da buluyorum.
Here, the prince may use this sentence for two reasons:One is that:He is at the aim of blaming the court for corruption .He wants to show his being discontented with the court.The other is that he is just reporting his justification about the situation. wants to say that my reason for leaving from the membership of jury is the court’s unmoral actions.These two meanings are infered from the sentence.So, the context, the adresse and the person who said the sentence are crucial for analyzing the sentence.The utterance has a non-literal meaning in addition to its literal meaning.In short, there is a conversational implicature .The prince conveyed a menssage or more through imlication.In this sentence, the speech act function is expressive.The prince reveals his disapproval about the court uttering the sentence.We concluded this by the help of the context.Already, he said this in a direct expression and in a literal meaning.It is so clear that he complaints about how the system Works out.Although the sentence is so clear, it has an implicature under it.Either the prince is reporting his reasons or accusing the court, maybe both of them are aimed at the same time.
Public prosecutor: Olabilir…Siz de biliyorsunuz ki, bu şekildeki değerlendirmelere bir savcı katılmaz.Bu düşüncelerinizi mahkemeye bildirirsiniz, karar yalnız onundur.
Here, the public prosecutor agrees with the prince.By saying “ olabilir…”, he, in fact, to say that “yes, you are right, I am agree with you, but I can’t say this directly, I am a public prosecutor”. Through his utterance, he reveals his intention.There is an illocutionary act .He is stating that he is of the same opinion with the prince.He is going on being polite and cooperative.He is formal, as well.There is again a conversational implica canture.We can infer this from the context and the following sentences by him.( “siz de biliyorsunuz ki bu şekildeki……”)
The prince: Oraya artık ayağımı atmayacağımı söyledim.
Again, he says what he wants to say in a direct way.He utters the sentence without any hesitation and with a great determination. But, the sentence has a message under it.By this sentence, he is trying to say that he would never go to the court anymore and stresses the fact that the public prosecutor couldn’t persuade him.So, maybe he wants to tell the public prosecutor that you are speaking for nothing , you cannot make me persuade about this.That is,there is an illocutionary act.
The public prosecutor: O halde size saygılarımı tekrarlamaktan başka yapacak bir şeyim yoktur.
Since the beginning, the public prosecutor is so polite.At the end, he is again polite and by saying this sentence, he wants to say that “you can go now, I can’t help you.” Maybe, he doesn’t say this literally, but non-literally he means that “It is not my duty to help you, so I can’t do anything about this, then you can leave”. The sentence meaning and the speaker meaning are different from each other.We got the result that he intended to do so thanks to context. There is an illocutionary and per-locutionary act, also.He revealed his intend by his sentence (illocutionary)and also he made the prince go out(perlocutionary) in this way.He fulfilled the two acts at the same time.The message reached to the hearer properly.
ÖZLEM KIRMIZI 3231040008
(ABİ KUSURA BAKMA O KADAR DALGINIMKİ ÖDEVİNİ YANLIŞ COPY-PASTE YAPMIŞIM ZATNE KATTIM KARIŞTIRDIM :)NEYSE HERKESE İYİ TATİLLER BYEE ÖZLEM G.)
3231040137 FEYZANUR KURT
GRICE'S MAXIMS AND LEECH'S MAXIMS
DIALOGUE 1
Arif: Selam,buradan beraber kaçabiliriz.
Burdan kaçmamız lazım beraber ne diyosun? (maxim of agreement: he tries to make sure of agreement by asking his idea.)
Seni seçtim çünkü sen farklısın.Japonsun bi kere.
Akıllı adamsın.(approbation maxim: he maximizes praise of other.But he has a definable individual intention of escaping.He floutes maxim of approbation.)
Güçlerimizi birleştirirsek kolayca dünyaya geri dönebiliriz.
Ne diyosun Samuray? (maxim of agreement: he tries to maximise agreement with him)
Other: Samuray?
Arif: Evet.
Other: Birlikte?
Arif: Tanışalım. Arif ben! (maxim of sympathy: he tries to maximise sympathy between self and other by introducing himself.)
Other: Ben de Mehmet.Zeytinburnu çocuğuyum.
Kazlıçeşme’de deri atölyesinde çalışıyorum.(maxim of agreement: reversal of politeness by means of disagreement with Arif which is implicitly given by his manner of talking.Violation of maxims;together with disagreement he shows antipathy to other)
Arif: Öyle mi? Deri mont falan mı?
Ayakkabı mı? (maxim of sympathy: He tries to keep sympathy between self and other; being irrelevant to the intent of conversation but relevant to other’s response.maxim of relevance: irrelevant topic)
DIALOGUE 2
Garavel:Güç sende yoğun. Sen seçilmiş olansın! (approbation maxim: praise of other )
Arif:Hocam ayıp oluyor ama! (reversal of politeness by means of disagreement.He refuses his praise.He is being polite in his own way but his manner seems as if he is in disagreement with him.)
DIALOGUE 3
Arif: Müzik açayım mı dayı? (maxim of sympathy: he tries to build sympathy by starting a conversation and asks whether he wants to listen to music.)
Other: Ne aççan? Hangi tür? Ecnebiyse açma. Ben anlamıyom.
Anama küfrediyo belki. (maxim of agreement: reversal of politeness by means of disagreement.He refuses his suggestion first by questioning him.)
Arif: Anan yaşıyo mu senin daha? (maxim of relevance: he does not wonder whether his mother is dead or alive thus this is irrelevant to the conversation but relevant to his goal;building sympathy between self and other.)
Other: Yaşıyo ya. 93 yaşında.(maxim of quantity: he is being as informative as necessary)
Arif: Merak etme amca. Bak bu yeni bir grup.
Daha senin anneni tanımıyorlardır.(maxim of quality: he flouts maxim of quality by means of indirect response which is not truthful as far as we understand from the song he plays.Other man becomes right with his disagreement as the song swears to his mother.)
altın günlerinin vaz geçilmezi, gündüz vakti oturmalarının demir başlarıdır onlar. ne kendilerinkinde, ne de bahsini ettikleri insanların hayatlarında mühim bir gelişme olsun, en ufak detaylara dahi hayretle yaklaşıp, şaşırabilirler. geceleyin gök yüzündeki uçağı ufo olarak algılayan çocuklar gibi esrimeye kapılıp, sıradan haberlerle dahi coşabilirler;
- bizim alt komşunun kardeşi kadriye'nin büyük torun var ya... bu sene üniversite giriyormuş.
- aaa aaaa? deme!!! (burda el tercihen ya dize, ya da diğer elin ayasına ses çıkaracak kadar vurulur)
- yaaa... ekonomi istiyormuş...
- bak bak bak!!! uzun boylu olan değil mi bir de...
- hah! bildin işte o....
- hem de ekonomi istiyormuş demek! (elbet burda bölümün bir önemi yoktur)
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